PRICE  18i  CENTS. 


CONCISE  EXPOSITION 


OF  THE 


DOCTRINE  OF  ASSOCIATION, 


OR 


I 


1 


1 


PLAN  FOR  A  RE-ORGANIZATION  OF  SOCIETY, 

WHICH  WILL  SECURE  TO  THE  HUMAN  RACE,  INDIVIDUALLY  AND  COLLECTIVELY, 

THEIR  HAPPINESS  AND  ELEVATION. 

(BASED  ON  FOURIER’S  THEORY  OF  DOMESTIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  ASSOCIATION.) 

BY  ALBERT  BRISBANE. 


Our  Evils  are  Social,  not  Political,  and  a  Social  Reform  only  can  ©radicate  them. 

“  The  last  of  crimes  which  is  forgiven,  is  that  of  announcing  new  Truths.” 

Thomas’s  Eulogium  on  Descartes. 

“  Not  through  hatred,  collision,  and  depressing  competition  ;  not  through  War,  whether  of  Nation  against 
Nation,  Class  against  Class,  or  Capital  against  Labor  ;  but  through  Union,  Harmony,  and  the  reconciling  of 
all  Interests,  the  giving  scope  to  all  noble  Sentiments  and  Aspirations,  is  the  Renovation  of  the  World,  the 
Elevation  of  the  degraded  and  suffering  Masses  of  Mankind,  to  be  sought  and  effected.”  Greeley. 

“  The  Error  of  Reformers  is  to  condemn  this  or  that  abuse  of  Society,  whereas  they  should  condemn  the 
whole  System  of  Society  itself,  which  is  a  circle  of  abuses  and  defects  throughout.  We  must  extricate  our¬ 
selves  from  this  Social  Abyss.”  Fourier. 


SEVENTH  EDITION. 


NEW  YORK: 


J.  S.  REDFIELD,  CLINTON  HALL, 

CORNER  OF  NASSAU  AND  BEEKMAN  STREETS. 


STEREOTYPED  BY  REDFIELD  AND  SAVAGE,  13  CHAMBERS  ST.,  N.  Y. 


♦ 


©:,£v 


b 


A 


CONCISE  EXPOSITION 

OF  THE 

DOCTRINE  OF  ASSOCIATION. 

OR 

PLAN  FOR  A  RE-ORGANIZATION  OF  SOCIETY, 


WHICH  WILL  SECURE  TO  THE  HUMAN  RACE,  INDIVIDUALLY  AND  COLLECTIVELY, 

THEIR  HAPPINESS  AND  ELEVATION. 


(BASED  ON  FOURIER’S  THEORY  OF  DOMESTIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  ASSOCIATION.) 

BY  ALBERT  BRISBANE. 


Our  Evils  are  Social,  not  Political,  and  a  Social  Reform  only  can  eradicate  them. 

“  The  last  of  crimes  which  is  forgiven,  is  that  of  announcing  new  Truths.” 

Thomas’s  Eulogitjm  on  Descartes  • 

“  Not  through  hatred,  collision,  and  depressing  competition  ;  not  through  War,  whether  of  Nation  against 
Nation,  Class  against  Class,  or  Capital  against  Labor  ;  but  through  Union,  Harmony,  and  the  reconciling  of 
all  Interests,  the  giving  scope  to  all  noble  Sentiments  and  Aspirations,  is  the  Renovation  of  the  World,  the 
Elevation  of  the  degraded  and  suffering  Masses  of  Mankind,  to  be  sought  and  effected.”  Greeley. 

“  The  Error  of  Reformers  is  to  condemn  this  or  that  abuse  of  Society,  whereas  they  should  condemn  the 
whole  System  of  Society  itself,  which  is  a  circle  of  abuses  and  defects  throughout.  We  must  extricate  our- 
»elves  from  this  Social  Abyss.”  Fourier. 


SEVENTH  EDITION. 


NEW  YORK: 

J.  S.  REDFIELD,  CLINTON  HALL, 

CORNER  OF  NASSAU  AND  BEEKMAN  STREETS. 
STEREOTYPED  BY  REDFIELD  AND  SAVAGE,  13  CHAMBERS  ST.,  N.  Y. 


1844 


TO  THE 


The  present  system  of  Society  is  evidently  false  and 
defective :  this  we  believe  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  fact 
that  Evil  and  Misery  under  innumerable  forms — moral  and 
material— are  universally  prevalent  in  Society,  harassing 
and  blighting  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  the  existence  of 
ull  classes —  the  Rich  as  well  as  the  Poor.  Although  this 
Jmisery  and  evil  are.  not  so  intense,  nor  so  gloomy  in  our 
country  as  in  the  more  populous  Nations  of  the  old  World, 
still  they  exist  to  a  melancholy  extent ;  and  here  at  least 
they  cannot  be  attributed  to  political  causes — to  the  Gov¬ 
ernment  or  the  administration — and  this  proves  conclu¬ 
sively  that  the  Evils  which  afflict  Society  are  Social ,  not  Po¬ 
litical,  and  that  a  Social  Reform  only  can  eradicate  them. 

It  is  time  that  this  Truth,  as  absolute  in  its  character 
as  a  mathematical  problem,  was  generally  felt  and  under¬ 
stood,  and  that  it  was  acted  upon  by  the  People  and  the 
Leaders  of  the  People,  as  it  must  be  if  they  wish  to  attain 
a  better  and  a  happier  condition  of  Society.  Political  Re¬ 
forms  have  done  for  the  People  of  the  United  States  all  that 
they  can  do  under  any  circumstances  for  any  Nation,  and 
to  hope  to  elevate  Man,  and  secure  him  his  happiness  by 
acting  on  the  Government  or  administration,  while  the 
Organization  of  Society  itself  is  all  false  and  defective,  is 
an  expectation  as  vain  and  delusive  as  it  is  puerile  and 
absurd.  The  grand  and  comprehensive  question  of  a 
Social  Reform,  proposed  to  the  World  by  Fourier  and 
his  disciples,  should  be  examined  and  discussed.  Human 
suffering  appeals  for  alleviation,  and  justice  demands  im¬ 
periously  that  the  call  should  be  heard  by  those  who  have 
the  power  and  the  means  to  aid  in  effecting  a  reform  that 
W’ill  go  to  the  foundation  of  Social  Evil  and  eradicate  it 
effectually.  The  great  work  of  Social  Renovation  should 
be  undertaken  in  earnest,  and  with  a  sacred  devotion  by 
all  who  hope  for  .  better  future  for  themselves  or  for  Hu¬ 
manity. 

Society,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  based  upon  prin¬ 
ciples  which  in  their  operation  misemploy,  misdirect  and 
pervert  the  faculties  and  passions  of  man,  and  defeat  all  the 
ends  and  hopes  of  life.  It  is  based  upon  the  principle  of 
isolation,  of  separation  of  man  from  his  fellow-man,  upon 
individual  effort,  and  envious  strife  and  anarchical  compe¬ 
tition,  upon  selfishness,  distrust,  antagonism,  over-reach¬ 
ing,  fraud  and  injustice,  upon  the  conflict  of  all  interests, 
and  upon  universal  duplicity  of  action.  There  is  no  com¬ 
bination  or  Unity  ;  no  harmony  of  action,  of  interests,  or  of 
feeling ;  no  connection  or  association.  Every  family  has, 
for  example,  a  separate  house,  a  separate  interest,  sepa¬ 
rate  hopes,  and  a  separate  welfare  to  attain :  it  is  in 
conflict  with  most  of  the  families  around  it,  eager  to  de¬ 
tract  from  their  prosperity  to  add  to  its  own,  instead  ot 
seeking  to  unite  with  them  to  advance  by  their  combined 
efforts  their  mutual  welfare  and  happiness 

A  Social  Order,  governed  by  such  principles,  must,  it  is 
evident,  be  opposed  to  Reason,  to  Justice  and  to  Truth, 
and  should  be  reformed. 

We  advocate  a  Social  Order  based  upon  the  principle  ot 
Association — of  Union  between  Man  and  his  fellow-man — 
upon  Unity  and  Harmony  of  Interests — upon  generous  De¬ 
votion,  Confidence  and  Love — upon  Kindness  and  Justice — 
and  upon  perfect  Liberty  and  Independence,  with  Law  and 
Order. 

We  believe  the  broad  and  comprehensive  principle  of 
Association  to  be  the  Divine  Law  for  the  government  of 
Human  Societies,  and  that  a  Social  Order,  based  upon  this 
principle,  is  the  true  and  natural  System  of  Society.  In 
support  of  this  opinion  we  adduce  the  following  reasons  : 

1st.  Association  is  the  source  of  all  Economy,  and 
Economy  being  a  primary  principle  in  Nature  and  every 
true  Mechanism,  it  follows  that  Economy  must  be  a  fun¬ 
damental  principle  in  a  true  Social  Organization.  The 
reader  wall  be  convinced,  by  an  examination  of  the  Chap¬ 
ter  on  Economies,  (page  10,)  and  the  chapter  entitled 
“Contrast  between  Association  and  the  present 
Social  Order,”  (page  16,)  that  the  present  System  ol 
Society  is  full  of  waste  and  incoherence,  and  that  the  Asso¬ 
ciated  or  Combined  Order  will  be  productive  of  gigantic 
economies. 

2d.  Association  is  the  source  of  Unity:  Unity  is  an¬ 
other  primary  principle  in  Nature,  and  is  essential  to  the 
maintenance  of  order  and  concord.  Association  will  secure 
unity  of  material  or  temporal  interests,  and  unity  of  moral 
sentiments,  unity  of  action  in  the  sphere  of  industrial  and 
political  affairs,  unity  of  habits,  manners  and  language,  and 
unity  of  Education.  (By  Unity  we  do  not  mean  uniformity , 
but  variety  in  order  and  harmony.)  An  examination  of  the 
Chapter  explanatory  of  the  “  System  of  Property,” 

Jp age  30,)  and  of  that  upon  the  “  Union  of  Capital  and 
jabor,”  (page  36,)  and  the  “System  of  Education,” 
(page  64,)  will  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  some  of  the  Uni¬ 
ties  of  Association,  which  are  the  foundation  of  Social 
Harmony. 


The  principle  of  Unity  is  employed  universally  by  God 
in  all  his  works  and  creations,  and  whenever  it  does  not 
exist  (and  it  does  not  sometimes,  temporarily,  in  the  ope¬ 
rations  of  beings  to  whom  the  Creator  assigns  free  will  and 
independent  action,)  his  spirit,  or  the  law  of  divine  order 
does  not  govern,  and  there  is  derangement  and  subversion’ 
accompanied  by  discord  and  evil. 

3d.  Association  is  the  source  of  all  sociability,  of  friendly 
union,  and  of  social  affection ;  and  as  man  is  by  nature  a 
social  being,  he  requires,  and  should  form,  the  lareest 
social  unions  possible,  and  numerous  and  varied  social  ties 
with  his  fellow-men.  The  present  system  of  society  is 
based  upon  the  smallest  possible  social  union — that  of  a 
single  family  in  a  separate  house  by  themselves.  A  true 
Social  Order  should  be  based  upon  large  Associations  of 
about  eighteen  hundred  persons  or  three  hundred  families, 
and  not  upon  small  Associations  of  six  or  eight  individuals, 
or  single  families. 

The  present  state  of  general  isolation  and  the  separation 
of  all  interests,  which  are  productive  of  universal  conflict 
and  distrust,  smother  the  social  sympathies,  and  break  up 
nearly  all  social  ties  but  one — the  family  tie  or  the  tie  of 
blood — and  even  this  tie  in  many  cases  does  not  escape. 

4th.  The  institutions  and  tendencies  of  the  Associated 
or  Combined  Order  are  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  highest 
conceptions  of  truth,  justice  and  love  entertained  in  theory 
by  the  world,  and  which  are  embodied  in  the  doctrines  of 
Christ.  Association  will  establish  Christianity  practically 
upon  Earth.  It  will  make  the  love  of  God  anil  the  love  of 
the  neighbor  the  greatest  desire,  and  the  practice  of  all 
men.  Temptation  to  wrong  will  be  taken  from  the  paths 
of  men,  and  a  thousand  perverting  and  degrading  circum¬ 
stances  and  influences  will  be  purged  from  the  social  world. 
So  perfectly  are  the  Institutions  of  the  Combined  Order 
adapted  to  the  human  heart,  and  calculated  to  develop  and 
expand  the  higher  sentiments,  and  to  insure  the  practice  of 
truth,  that  man  in  loving  his  neighbor  as  himself  and  doing 
toward  him  as  he  would  be  done  by,  will  secure  his  own 
good  and  happiness.  This  is  touched  upon  in  the  Chaptei 
entitled  “Unity  of  Interests,”  (page  33.) — In  the 
Chapters  headed  “  Sacred  Legion,”  and  “  Guarantee 
of  an  Ample  Sufficiency,”  (pages  62  and  64,)  will  bo 
found  descriptions  of  Institutions  corresponding  to  and 
based  upon  some  of  the  precepts  of  Christ. 

Christianity  has  been  grafted  upon  and  developed  in  the 
antique  Pagan  Society — that  is,  the  Greek  and  Roman 
Civilization — which  social  organization,  with  slight  su¬ 
perficial  modifications,  has  been  continued  down  to  the 
present  time,  and  constitutes  what  is  called  Modern  Civili¬ 
zation.  A$  the  Pagan  Religion  had  a  multiplicity  of  gods, 
so  the  Pagan  Society  had  a  multiplicity  of  Interests,  a  mul¬ 
tiplicity  of  Households,  with  different  castes  and  classes, 
and  was  based  upon  disorder  and  conflict,  and  sustained  by 
violence,  injustice  and  oppression. 

A  God  of  love,  a  Universal  Father,  the  Unity  of  the  Hu¬ 
man  Race,  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Human  family,  the 
Equality  of  Mankind  before  God,  the  law  of  charity  and 
love,  and  peace  on  earth  and  good  will  to  men,  were  pro¬ 
claimed  by  Christ  in  an  era  of  Pagan  discord,  carnage  and 
servitude,  and  universal  subversion  of  the  law  of  right  and 
truth ;  and  these  great  doctrines,  for  the  first  time  an¬ 
nounced  to  the  world,  should  have  led  to  the  establishment 
of  a  New  Social  Order  by  the  followers  of  Christ,  in 
which  they  could  have  been  realized  in  practice.  But  the  In¬ 
stitutions  of  the  old  Social  World  of  conflict,  of  war,  of  isola¬ 
tion  and  discord,  were  so  strongly  and  deeply  rooted  that 
they  have  as  yet  resisted  the  renovating  doctrine  of  the 
Prophet  of  Nazareth  and  the  professed  Faith  of  the  Chris¬ 
tian  world. 

The  System  of  Society  propounded  by  Charles  Fou¬ 
rier,  and  which  we  are  now  laboring  to  realize  in  practice, 
is  based  upon  those  laws  of  Order  and  Harmony  which 
govern  the  Universe — the  divine  laws  of  Attraction  and  Re¬ 
pulsion,  the  universality  of  which,  and  their  application  to 
the  Moral  government  of  Man,  as  well  as  the  Mechanical 
movement  of  Material  things,  were  first  discovered  by  that 
profound  genius.  This  new  Social  Order  will  form  a 
new  plane  on  which  the  highest  Truth  can  securely  rest, 
and  upon  which  Christianity  can  be  fully  and  truly  devel¬ 
oped.  Man  will  there  be  surrounded  by  influences  that 
will  refine  and  elevate  him  to  a  high  standard  of  excel¬ 
lence,  and  direct  him  rightly  in  his  earthly  career.  There 
he  will  fulfil  his  destiny,  and  accomplish  the  grand  objects 
of  his  creation. 

Let  those  who  are  seeking  earnestly  for  social  Truth, 
and  who  desire  sincerely  the  elevation  and  happiness  oi 
mankind,  examine  carefully  and  without  prejudice  the  sys¬ 
tem  of  Association,  unfolded  in  the  following  pages,  and 
they  must  and  will  become  its  friends  and  advocates. 


ASSOCIATION. 


I 


3 


33 

fX  -5 

Of/ 1  / 


i— A 


c 


ASSOCIATION. 


An  Association  is  an  assemblage  of  persons  (from 
four  to  eighteen  hundred)  united  voluntarily 
for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  with  order  and 
unity  the  various  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and 
Science,  in  which  they  engage  ;  and  of  direct¬ 
ing  their  efforts,  energies  and  talents,  in  the 
best  way  for  the  Happiness  and  Elevation  of  the 
whole. 

God  is  the  Ruler  of  the  moral  as  well  as  of  the 
material  world.  He  has  not  given  us  faculties 
and  passions  at  random,  and  with  the  chance  of 
their  being  eternally  in  conflict;  on  the  contrary, 
he  has  created  them  with  infinite  wisdom  and 
foresight,  and  adapted  them  to  a  System  of  So¬ 
ciety,  pre-existing  in  his  Intelligence,  in  which 
they  would  produce  the  most  beautiful  Order 
and  Harmony.  The  essential  task  of  human 
Genius  is  to  discover  this  system  of  Society,  as 
it  has  discovered  Astronomy,  Chemistry,  and 
other  positive  Sciences,  and  establish  it  on 
earth  :  so  long  as  this  task  is  not  fulfilled,  false 
societies  will  exist,  in  which  the  passions  will 
be  deranged  and  perverted  in  their  action,  and 
Man  will  be  sunk  in  “  crime  and  misery,  and 
depravity  and  slavish  degradation.” 


ASSOCIATION  is  the  SOCIAL  DESTINY 
of  Man — is  the  true  and  natural  system  of 
Society,  predestined  for  him  by  the  Creator, 
and  will,  when  established  upon  earth,  secure 
to  him  that  happiness  for  which  he  has  so 
long  sought  in  vain,  and  the  elements  of  which 
exist  in  and  around  him — in  the  beautiful  cre¬ 
ations  of  material  Nature,  and  in  the  noble 
faculties  and  sentiments  with  which  God  has 
endowed  him. 

This  true  and  natural  System  of  Society 
cannot  be  established  at  once ;  it  must  be  a 
gradual  work,  and  before  it  can  become  uni¬ 
versal,  the  truth  and  goodness  of  its  Principles 
must  be  demonstrated  practically  and  upon  a 
^  small  scale.  For  that  reason  a  commence- 
*  ment  must  be  made  with  a  single  Association, 
""  which  will  show  its  immense  advantages — 

,  ^  show  the  happiness  and  prosperity  which  it 
jp  will  secure  to  man,  and  lead  to  a  general 
<3?  adoption. 

We  shall  explain  the  laws  and  mechanism 
of  this  single  Association,  which  is  the  germ 
'  or  primary  element  of  the  System  of  Society 
t  which  we  advocate,  as  the  village  or  town- 
5  ship  is  the  germ  or  primary  element  of  the 
T  present  System  of  Society.  A  county,  as  we 
1  know,  is  composed  of  townships,  a  state  of 
-  counties,  and  the  United  States  of  states ; 
vlhus,  the  United  States  is  but  a  repetition  of 
townships.  Now,  if  the  township  be  falsely 
organized — that  is,  if  the  families  composing 
it,  live  according  to  a  false  system ;  if  there 
y  be  conflicts  of  interests,  opposition,  discord, 
.^Waste  and  poverty  among  them,  then  the 
whole  body  politic,  composed  of  these  falsely 


(organized  townships,  will  contain  all  their 
defects,  and  discord,  injustice,  poverty,  and 
the  numerous  evils  which  they  engender,  will 
exist  universally.  But  if  we  can  organize  the 
$  townships  rightly,  so  that  unity  of  interests, 
\  concert  of  action,  vast  economies  and  general 
i  riches  will  be  attained,  then,  in  spreading 
these  rightly  organized  townships,  and  ren- 
\  dering  them  general,  a  Social  Order  will  be 
\  gradually  established,  in  which  peace,  pros- 

Iperity  and  happiness  will  be  secured  to  all. 
The  great  and  primary  object  which  we 
have  in  view  is,  consequently,  to  effect  the 
establishment  of  one  Association ,  which  will 
exhibit  practically  the  great  economies,  the 

I  riches,  the  order  and  unity  of  the  system,  and 
serve  as  a  model  for,  and  lead  to  the  founding 
of  others. 

W e  shall  explain  the  laws  and  mechanism 
of  this  one  Association,  and  we  will  remark 
that  in  so  doing,  we  shall  explain  the  whole 
System  of  Society  which  we  seek  to  establish, 
the  same  as  in  explaining  the  physiological 
laws  of  one  Individual,  we  explain  those  of 
the  whole  Human  Race. 

The  system  of  Association  which  we  pro¬ 
pose  to  the  world,  is  not  the  plan  or  scheme 
of  an  individual;  it  is  not  the  invention  of 
mere  human  reason,  like  so  many  political 
systems  which  have  been  established,  from 
the  Republic  of  Lycurgus  down  to  our  modem 
Democracies.  It  is  deduced  from  and  based 
upon  universal  Principles,  and  is  the  applica¬ 
tion  to  the  social  relations  of  Mankind  of  the 
laws  of  Order  and  Unity,  which  govern  the 
Universe. 

Fourier  discovered  the  laws  of  UNIVER¬ 
SAL  UNITY,  or  the  laws  which  govern 

I  Creation  in  its  five  grand  Spheres  or  Move¬ 
ments,  which  are :  1st,  the  Material 
Movement,  or  the  laws  which  govern  the 
movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  or  univer- 

!sal  Matter;  2d,  the  Aromal,  or  the  laws 
which  regulate  the  distribution  and  influences 
of  the  imponderable  fluids  on  the  kingdoms 
of  Creation — animal,  vegetable  and  mineral ; 
3d,  the  Organic,  or  the  laws  according  to 
which  God  distributes  forms,  properties,  co¬ 
lors,  flavors,  etc.  to  all  created  things ;  4th, 
the  Instinctual,  or  the  laws  according  to 
which  God  distributes  instincts  and  passions ; 
and  lastly,  the  Social,  or  the  laws  which 
govern  the  succession  and  mechanisms  of  the 
<  societies  of  intelligent  Beings  throughout  the 
Universe. 

From  a  knowledge  of  these  laws  of  Uni- 
\  versal  Unity,  Fourier  deduced  the  true  and 
|  natural  system  of  society,  destined  for  Man, 

|  and  which,  when  realized  in  practice,  will 
\  produce  social  Order  and  Harmony  upon  the 
|  globe — a  reflex  of  the  Harmony  which  reigns 
>  in  the  Universe.  Throughout  his  works,  he 
declares  that  he  gives  no  system  or  plan  of 
his  own ;  he  claims  the  merit  only  of  having 
i  discovered  the  system  of  Nature,  which  will 
\  secure  to  Mankind  as  many  blessings  as  the 
\  false  social  Institutions,  set  up  by  human  rea- 
|  son,  have  entailed  upon  them  miseries  and 
1  misfortunes. 


4 


NECESSITY  OF  SOCIAL  REFORM. — HUMAN  MISERY. 


“  The  Social  Order,”  says  the  London  Pha¬ 
lanx,  (a  Magazine  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
Association,)  “  deduced  from  the  Science  of 
Universal  Unity,  is  based  on  the  three  pri¬ 
mary  Unities  which  compose  the 

'  Unity  of  Man  with  God 
in  true  Religion. 

UNIVERSAL  Uni,y  of  “an. with  Man 

TTATTTV  m  true  society. 

Unity  of  Man  with  Na¬ 
ture,  in  creative  Art 
and  Industry. 

“  In  practice,  it  resolves  itself  into  the  Mo¬ 
ral,  the  Artistic,  and  the  Scientific  spheres  of 
action.” 

“  In  Morals ,  friendly  unity,  conjugal  unity, 
family  unity,  and  hierarchal  unity.” 

“  In  Art,  scenic  beauty,  musical  harmony, 
nutritive  excellence,  fragrant  purity,  and  com¬ 
fortable  homes.” 

“In  Science ,  critical  understanding  and 
well-founded  hope,  inventive  energy  and  ge¬ 
nuine  faith,  variety  of  information,  liberty  of 
conscience,  toleration  of  opinion,  and  true  cha¬ 
rity  in  action.” 

“  This  is  what  we  wish  to  realize  in  Uni¬ 
tary  Combination;  and  both  Faith  and  Science 
say,  ‘  It  can  be  done ;  and  shall !  and  soon !’  ” 

Before  concluding  these  general  remarks, 
let  us  particularly  request  the  reader  not  to 
confound  the  system  of  Association,  discovered 
by  Fourier,  with  the  trials  made  by  the  Sha¬ 
kers,  Rappites  and  others,  nor  with  the  system 
devised  bv  Mr.  Owen.  The  views  of  the  latter 
have  excited  in  the  public  mind  the  strongest 
repossessions  against  the  magnificent  pro- 
lem  of  Association,  and  raised  up  most  se¬ 
rious  obstacles  to  its  impartial  examination. 
The  errors  of  individuals,  however,  should  be 
carefully  separated  from  so  grand  and  impor¬ 
tant  a  subject,  and  to  condemn  Association 
because  Mr.  Owen  has  advocated  a  commu¬ 
nity  of  property  or  attacked  religion,  shows  a 
want  of  impartiality  and  discrimination  which 
no  reflecting  mind,  we  hope,  will  be  guilty  of. 

- o - 

NECESSITY  OF  A  SOCIAL  REFORM. 


Should  not  true  Religion  influence  those  who 
have  both  wealth  and  power  to  save  Humanity 
from  crime  and  misery,  and  depravity  and  sla¬ 
vish  degradation  ?  And  should  not  men  in 
power  aspire  to  something  higher  than  low  self¬ 
ish  ease  and  personal  aggrandizement  at  the  ex¬ 
pense  of  living  souls  in  languor  and  despon¬ 
dency?  Doherty. 

When  new  views  and  principles  are  put 
forth,  they  invariably  meet  with  the  opposi¬ 
tion  and  condemnation  of  the  great  majority 
of  men,  no  matter  how  good  or  true  they  may 
be,  or  how  important  the  results  which  they 
promise  to  realize.  Against  this  procedure 
we  protest,  and,  in  behalf  of  suffering  Humani¬ 
ty,  we  ask  that  preconceived  notions  and  pre- 
‘udices  as  well  as  hasty  criticism  be  for  a  time 
aid  aside,  and  an  impartial  and  conscientious 


investigation  of  the  system,  which  we  advo¬ 
cate,  be  entered  into. 

If  we  look  around  us,  we  see  numerous  Par¬ 
ties,  laboring  isolatedly  to  carry  out  various 
reforms — political,  administrative,  currency, 
abolition,  temperance,  moral,  &c.  &c. — which 
proves,  First,  the  depth  and  extent  of  the  evil 
that  preys  upon  Society,  and  Second ,  the  ne¬ 
cessity  of  a  fundamental  Reform,  which  will 
attack  that  evil  at  its  root  and  eradicate  it  ef¬ 
fectually,  instead  of  lopping  off  a  few  branch¬ 
es.  If  the  plan  of  such  a  reform  has  really 
been  discovered,  how  worthy  of  the  candid 
examination  of  every  being,  whose  Soul  burns 
with  a  desire  to  see  poverty  and  misery  ban¬ 
ished  from  the  earth,  and  who  feels  a  sacred 
pride  for  the  happiness  and  elevation  of  his 
Race ! 

To  meet  and  disarm  fears  and  suspicions 
which  may  arise  in  the  conservative  Mind, 
we  will  hasten  to  state  that  the  reform  we  con¬ 
template,  although  fundamental  in  its  charac¬ 
ter,  is  not  destructive,  but  constructive ;  it  will 
not  tear  down,  but  build  up;  it  will  respect 
what  is  true  and  good  in  Society,  and  will 
change  quietly  and  by  substitution,  what  is 
false  and  defective ;  it  will  violate  no  rights, 
injure  no  class;  it  will  not  impoverish  the 
Rich  to  enrich  slightly  the  Poor ;  it  will  not 
change  the  victims  of  poverty  and  misery,  but 
will  improve  and  elevate  the  condition  of  all, 
without  taking  from  any.  It  can  moreover 
be  tried  on  a  small  scale,  and  it  will  only 
spread,  when  practice  has  shown  its  superiori¬ 
ty  over  the  present  system.  Unlike  political 
reforms,  which,  to  effect  the  smallest  change 
of  policy,  agitate  and  often  convulse  a  whole 
country,  and  array  one  half  of  the  People 
against  the  other  half,  it  will  not  affect  a  space 
as  large  as  a  township  and  but  a  few  hundred 
persons,  and  will  not  extend  beyond  these  nar¬ 
row  limits  unless  its  advantages — 'practically 
demonstrated — excite  a  strong  and  general 
approbation  in  its  favor. 

To  show  the  necessity  of  a  Social  Reform, 
we  will  glance  at  the  misery  which  exists 
upon  earth;  its  extent,  depth,  and  intensity 
prove  that  political  and  other  partial  reforms 
can  effect  but  little  permanent  good,  and  that 
recourse  must  be  had  to  new  and  thorough 
measures. 

- o - 

HUMAN  MISERY. 


God  sees  in  the  Human  Race  but  one  great 
Family,  all  the  members  of  which  have  a  right 
to  his  favors  ;  He  designs  that  they  shall  all  be 
happy  together,  or  else  no  one  People  shall  en¬ 
joy  Happiness.  Fourier. 

A  Lawyer  addressed  Christ,  saying,  Maste», 
what  shall  I  do  to  inherit  eternal  Life  ? 

Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all 
thy  heart,  and  with  all  thv  strength,  and  with 
all  thy  mind,  AND  THY  NEIGHBOR  AS 
THYSELF. 

(Neighbor,  in  the  sense  used  by  Christ,  means 
every  member  of  the  Family  of  Man.) 

If  we  look  abroad  over  the  earth  and  exam¬ 
ine  the  condition  of  the  Human  Race  upon  it. 


HUMAN  MISERY. 


5 


what  do  we  see  ?  A  spectacle  at  which  the 
soul  shudders.  A  large  majority  of  our  fellow- 
creatures  are  slaves,  serfs  or  poor  hired  la¬ 
borers,  toiling  from  fear  of  the  lash  or  fear  of 
want  to  obtain  a  miserable  subsistence,  or  to 
produce  the  means  of  supporting  a  favored 
lew  in  luxury  and  idle  ease.  Discords  and 
hatreds  are  rife  among  them,  and  the  darkest 
selfishness  benumbs  their  hearts  and  renders 
them  indifferent  to  each  other’s  misery.  There 
are  millions  upon  millions  of  beings,  who  are 
now  suffering  every  variety  of  physical  wretch¬ 
edness  and  moral  wo ;  there  are  hearts  that 
are  torn  with  care  and  anxiety — bodies  that 
are  worn  out  with  overburthening  toil ;  there 
are  multitudes  of  miserable  wretches  immured 
in  gloomy  prisons  and  dungeons,  expiating  by 
suffering  and  ignominy,  crimes  into  which 
they  were  plunged  by  poverty,  ignorance  and 
other  circumstances  over  which  they  had  no 
control — far  less  culpable  in  many  cases  than 
the  false  Society  which  exposed  them  to  be¬ 
come  outcasts  and  criminals ;  there  are  other 
multitudes  of  beings  buried  in  dismal  and  suf¬ 
focating  mines,  toiling  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth  with  the  dim  lamp,  the  pick-axe  and 
the  wheelbarrow  for  their  only  companions ; 
there  are  members  of  the  human  family,  who, 
at  this  moment,  are  mounting  the  bloody  scaf¬ 
fold,  where  the  soul,  amidst  awful  horror  and 
despair,  is  to  be  tom  by  violence  asunder  from 
the  body,  and  launched  into  an  unknown  fu¬ 
ture.  All  these  varied  woes  and  miseries  ex¬ 
ist,  and  there  are  living.,  feeling  Souls  that 
must  undergo  them  ! 

The  affections  and  sympathies  of  the  heart 
are  also  outraged  and  violated  ;  there  are  pa¬ 
rents  who  see  their  offspring  exposed  to  pri¬ 
vations  which  they  cannot  alleviate,  or  led 
astray  by  the  temptations,  vices  and  crimes 
of  a  false  Society,  and  ingulfed  in  ruin. 
There  are  broken  friendships,  disappointed 
loves,  thwarted  ambitions,  and  other  mental 
sufferings  which  tongue  cannot  tell  and  lan- 
guage  cannot  depict. 

The  surface  of  the  Earth  is  in  as  miserable 
a  condition  as  the  Race  upon  it.  Vast  deserts 
and  marshes,  which  generate  pestilential 
winds  and  miasmatic  exhalations — the  source 
©f  the  most  frightful  diseases,  such  as  the 
plague,  the  cholera,  the  yellow  fever,  &c., 
and  wild  forests  and  plains,  inhabited  by  nox¬ 
ious  reptiles,  and  savage  beasts  cover  at  least 
three-fourths  of  it.  The  portion  which  has 
been  brought  under  cultivation  is  but  miser¬ 
ably  cultivated,  and  parts  are  devoted  to  the 
worst  of  purposes ;  here  we  see  regions  ex¬ 
hausted  in  the  production  of  noxious  plants, 
like  the  poppy  and  tobacco,  which  are  grown 
to  furnish  mental  vacuity  and  idleness  with 
the  means  of  a  momentary  occupation  and 
excitement :  there  districts  planted  with  grain 
— not  to  sustain  life — but  to  be  converted  into 
a  poisonous  liquid,  which  may  afford  to  de¬ 
graded  masses  a  brutal  exhilaration  with  its  at¬ 
tendants,  folly,  disease  and  death.  Besides, 
whole  regions  have  been  devastated  by  fire 
and  sword,  and  remain  in  a  neglected  state — 
monuments  of  the  folly  and  madness  of  nations. 


|  Such  is  the  spectacle  which  a  general  view 
of  the  condition  of  the  Earth  and  the  Race 
|  upon  it,  presents  !  Does  it  not  call  for  some 
|  great  Reforms  ? 

I  It  will  be  declared  perhaps  that  our  remarks 
are  exaggerated,  but  it  is  not  so;  they  are  in 
fact  far  below  the  truth.  If  the  extent  and 
depth  of  human  Misery  are  not  felt  and  heeded, 
>  it  is  because  men  are  so  occupied  with  their 
|  own  little  projects  and  interests  that  they  can- 
not  lend  a  thought  to  the  higher  concerns  and 
\  interests  of  Humanity,  and  because  in  our  so- 

I(  cieties  of  selfish  Individualism  and  narrow 
Nationality,  no  universal  and  generous  sympa¬ 
thies  for  Mankind,  no  sentiment  for  their  col¬ 
lective  welfare — a  sentiment  which  Christ  so 
strongly  inculcated — -are  aroused  and  cherish- 
f  ed  in  their  hearts. 

<  We  will  sustain  what  we  have  said  upon 
the  subject  of  human  misery  by  a  few  statis- 
\  tical  details,  which  prove  that  exaggeration 
f  is  impossible. 

|  In  France,  out  of  a  population  of  thirty- 
<  three  millions,  twenty- two  millions  have, 
\  upon  an  average,  but  six  cents  a  day  each  to 
\  defray  all  expenses — food,  lodging,  clothing 
>  and  education.  What  general  and  abject  des¬ 
titution  and  ignorance  must  exist  ip  such  a 
\  state  of  things! 

i  If  we  examine  the  condition  of  Great  Bri- 
|  tain,  which  is  the  richest  Nation  on  the  globe, 
\  we  shall  be  astonished  at  the  little  wealth 
\  which  she  comparatively  possesses.  In  1812 
l  there  were  in  England,  Wales  and  Scotland, 
j  as  the  returns  of  the  income-tax  showed,  but. 
|  152,000  persons  possessing  an  income  of  above 
£50,  or  $240,  a  year;  and  only  600  above 
£5000  a  year.  Mr.  Colquhoun  calculates  the 
present  number  of  persons  of  independent  for¬ 
tune  in  Great  Britain — that  is,  of  persons  who 
can  live  without  daily  labor — at  47,000,  and 
including  bankers,  merchants  and  others  who 
j  unite  profits  of  business  with  interest  of  pro¬ 
perty,  60,000;  making,  with  their  families, 
\  300,000  persons  who  are  at  their  ease.  To  so 
\  small  a  number  is  the  wealth  of  Britain  con¬ 
i’  fined!  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  16,800,000 
|  persons  living  by  their  daily  labor;  the  pau- 
\  pers,  criminals  and  vagrants  alone  amount  to 
j  1,800,000.  What  a  picture  of  collective  po¬ 
ll  verty  does  this  great  Nation,  which  levies 
l  commercial  tribute  on  nearly  the  whole  globe, 
<  present ! 

>  In  Ireland,  out  of  a  population  of  8,000,000, 
\  every  third  person  experiences,  during  thirty 
l  weeks  of  the  year,  a  deficiency  of  even  third- 
>  rate  potatoes. 

<  In  Sicily,  an  island  so  highly  favored  by 
>  soil,  climate  and  position,  the  condition  of  the 
<  people  is  frightful.  Count  Gasparm,  Peer  oi 
>  France,  in  speaking  of  the  present  state  of  its 
<  Agriculture  and  the  poverty  of  the  peasantry, 
|  says:  “When  the  crops  are  bad,  or  the  prices 
|  of  grain  are  low,  so  that  the  landholders  re- 
|  quire  less  labor,  the  misery  of  the  country 
|  becomes  intense:  without  means  of  subsist- 
|  ence  for  the  winter,  it  is  not  a  rare  thing  to 
l  find  peasants  starved  to  death  in  the  fields 
\  with  grass  in  their  mouths ,  from  which  they 


6 


HUMAN  MISERY, 


had  vainly  endeavored  to  draw  nourish¬ 
ment  /” 

“  In  London,  one-tenth  of  the  whole  popu¬ 
lation  are  paupers,  and  20,000  persons  rise  j 
every  morning  without  knowing  where  they 
are  to  sleep  at  night.  (If  we  add  to  the  pau- 
pers,  the  thieves,  pickpockets  and  vagrants,  j 
the  number  of  outcasts  and  destitute  amounts  ; 
to  230,000.)  In  Glasgow,  nearly  30,000  per-  $ 
sons  are  every  Saturday  night  in  a  state  of  j 
brutal  intoxication,  and  every  twelfth  house  \ 
is  devoted  to  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits;  in  j 
Dublin  60,000  persons  passed,  in  one  year ,  \ 
through  the  fever  hospital.” — Alison  on  the 
Principles  of  Population.  j 

“  The  number  of  persons  charged  with  se-  5 
nous  offences,  is  in  England  five  times  greater  \ 
than  it  was  thirty  years  ago;  in  Ireland  six 
times,  but  in  Scotland  twenty-seven  times.”  t 
— Ibid. 

Pauperism,  vice  and  the  repression  of  crime,  > 
cost  England  about  thirty  millions  of  pounds  \ 
sterling  a  year — equal  to  the  whole  interest  of  i 
the  national  debt.  Could  a  Social  Order  be  l 
established  which  would  even  do  away  with  s 
the  grosser  kinds  of  vice  and  crime,  what  an  ; 
immense  national  economy  it  would  be ! 

An  eminent  English  physician,  Dr.  Robert- 
son,  sums  up  as  follows  the  evils  that  oppress  i 
the  working  population. 

“  Too  early  employment — too  long  employ-  i 
ment — too  much  fatigue — no  time  for  relaxa -  > 
tion — no  time  for  mental  improvement — no  J 
time  for  care  of  health — exhaustion — intern-  j 
perance — indifferent  food — sickness — prema-  < 
lure  decay — a  large  mortality.”  j 

The  same  gentleman,  speaking  of  the  agri¬ 
cultural  population,  says : — 

“  There  is  another  and  a  very  large  portion  1 
of  the  community,  whose  state,  though  often  j 
boasted  of,  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  more  favor- 
able  to  the  preservation  of  perfect  life  and  body  \ 
than  that  of  the  manufacturing  Poor.  I  mean  l 
the  Laboring  Poor  of  the  agricultural  districts.  \ 
Their  extreme  poverty  and  their  constant  la-  \ 
bor  so  influence  them  that  a  majority — I  am  \ 
sure  I  speak  within  bounds — have  never  the  \ 
enjoyment  of  health  after  forty  years  of  age.  I 
A  thousand  times  in  the  course  of  dispensary  j 
practice,  I  have  felt  the  mockery  of  prescribing  ;> 
medicines  for  the  various  stomach  complaints  < 
to  which  they  are  liable,  and  which  are  the  > 
product  of  bad  food — insufficient  clothing — 
wearing  toil — and  the  absence  of  all  hope  of  \ 
anything  better  in  this  world.”  < 

“  The  peasant’s  home  is  not  the  abode  of  j 
joy,  or  even  comfort.  No  ‘children  run  to  ^ 
lisp  their  sire’s  return,  or  climb  his  knees  the  < 
envied  kiss  to  share.’  The  children  are  felt  \ 
to  be  a  burthen,  ill-fed,  ill-clothed,  and  lying  on  \ 
beds  worse  than  the  lower  animals ;  they  are  j 
ragged  or  clothed  by  charity ;  untaught  or  j 
taught  by  charity;  if  sick,  cured  by  charity; 
if  not  starved,  fed  by  charity.”  j 

Dr.  Kay  gives  a  description  of  the  population  j 
employed  in  the  cotton  factories  of  Manches¬ 
ter,  Leeds,  Glasgow,  and  other  large  manu¬ 
facturing  towns,  whi«h  skews  a  state  of  things  l 
truly  frightful. 


“  The  population,”  says  he,  “  is  crowded 
into  one  dense  mass,  in  cottages  separated 
by  narrow,  unpaved  and  almost  pestilential 
streets,  in  an  atmosphere  loaded  with  the 
smoke  and  exhalations  of  a  large  manufac¬ 
turing  city.  They  are  engaged  in  an  em¬ 
ployment  which  absorbs  their  attention,  and 
unremittingly  employs  their  physical  energies. 
They  are  drudges  who  watch  the  movements 
and  assist  the  operations  of  a  mighty  material 
force,  which  toils  with  an  energy  ever  uncon¬ 
scious  of  fatigue.  The  persevering  labor  of 
the  operative  must  rival  the  mathematical 
precision,  the  incessant  motion  and  the  ex- 
haustfess  power  of  the  machine.  *  *  * 

*  *  Having  been  subject  to  the  pro¬ 

longed  labor  of  an  animal — his  physical  energy 
wasted,  his  mind  in  supine  inaction — the  Ar¬ 
tisan  has  neither  moral  dignity,  nor  intellectual 
nor  organic  strength  to  resist  the  seductions  of 
appetite.  Domestic  economy  is  neglected — 
domestic  comforts  are  unknown.  A  meal  of 
the  coarsest  food  is  prepared  with  heedless 
haste,  and  devoured  with  equal  precipitation. 
Home  has  no  other  relation  than  that  of  shelter 
— few  pleasures  are  there — it  chiefly  presents 
to  him  a  scene  of  physical  exhaustion,  from 
which  he  is  glad  to  escape.” 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  accoun 
given  of  the  Glasgow  poor  by  an  intelligen 
observer,  Mr.  Symonds,  the  Government  Com 
missioner  for  examining  into  the  condition  Ow 
the  hand-loom  weavers : — 

“  The  wynds  of  Glasgow  comprise  a  fluc¬ 
tuating  population  of  from  15,000  to  30,000 
persons.  This  quarter  consists  of  a  labyrinth 
of  lanes,  out  of  which  numberless  entrances 
lead  into  small  square  courts,  each  with  a 
dunghill  reeking  in  the  centre.  Revolting  as 
was  the  outward  appearance  of  these  places, 
I  was  little  prepared  for  the  filth  and  destitu¬ 
tion  within.  In  some  of  these  lodging-rooms, 
(visited  at  night,)  we  found  a  whole  lair  of 
human  beings  littered  along  the  floor,  some¬ 
times  fifteen  or  twenty,  some  clothed  and 
some  naked — men,  women,  and  children,  hud¬ 
dled  promiscuously  together.  Their  bed  con¬ 
sisted  of  a  layer  of  musty  straw  intermixed 
with  rags.  There  was  generally  little  or  no 
furniture  in  these  places ;  the  sole  article  of 
comfort  was  a  fire.  Thieving  and  prostitution 
constituted  the  main  sources  of  revenue  of  tliis 
population.” 

If  we  had  space  to  enter  fully  into  a  descrip¬ 
tion  of  the  condition  of  European  populations, 
we  could  present  statistical  facts  that  would 
reveal  a  depth  and  intensity  of  misery  that  is 
appalling  to  contemplate. 

W e  hold  up  these  pictures  of  desperate  and 
brutalizing  wretchedness,  that  those,  who  ne¬ 
ver  reflect  upon  or  examine  into  the  subject, 
may  for  once  see  what  their  poor  and  suffer¬ 
ing  fellow-creatures  are  enduring,  in  countries 
the  most  Civilized  and  Christian. 

It  will  be  declared  by  a  majority  of  persons 
that  the  People  of  the  United  States  at  least 
are  well  off,  and  if  so,  why  trouble  themselves 
with  other  countries  ?  It  is  considered  per¬ 
fectly  right  and  natural,  as  well  as  Christian, 


HITMAN  MISERY. 


to  have  no  feeling  but  for  those  immediately  \ 
connected  with  us;  but  the  truth  is,  that  the 
People  of  this  country  are  not  so  well  off  as  > 
the  press  and  political  leaders  would  persuade  < 
them :  an  immense  amount  of  poverty,  suf-  \ 
fering,  vice  and  crime  exists,  which  is  gra¬ 
dually  increasing,  and  which  should  urge  them  \ 
to  action,  instead  of  remaining  satisfied  with 
useless  and  selfish  comparisons. 

If  the  mass  of  the  population  in  the  United 
States  is  better  off  physically  than  in  Europe, 
it  is  because  there  is  an  immense  extent  of 
soil  and  a  thin  population,  and  because  ma¬ 
chinery  cannot  be,  or  at  least  has  not  yet  been, 
applied  to  agriculture,  in  which  a  vast  amount 
of  labor  is  required.  But  we  are  moving  on¬ 
ward  to  the  misery  of  the  old  World;  our 
present  prosperity  is  temporary,  and  the  great 
object  which  we,  as  a  People,  should  have  in 
view,  is  to  take  advantage  of  our  favorable 
position,  and  effect  peacefully  a  Social  Reform 
before  we  sink  into  the  poverty  and  ignorance 
in  which  Europe  is  plunged. 

We  have  no  statistical  details  of  misery  in 
the  United  States,  but  we  will  hazard  a  few 
general  remarks,  which  we  think  are  far  be¬ 
low  the  truth.  Leaving  three  millions  of 
slaves,  or  one-sixth  of  the  population  of  the 
country,  out  of  the  account,  there  are  of  the 
remaining  fifteen  millions  of  beings,  not  less 
than  three  or  four  millions  in  a  state  of  com¬ 
parative  or  extreme  destitution.  W e  are  confi¬ 
dent  that  this  is  not  an  over-estimate,  although 
the  number  of  actual  paupers  and  habitual 
beggars  may  not  exceed  half  a  million.  But 
when  we  add  to  these  the  vast  army  of  con¬ 
firmed  drunkards,  who,  with  glassy  eyes, 
burning  brows  and  shaking  knees,  are  reeling 
on  the  downward  road  to  ruin,  with  their  de¬ 
pendent  wives  and  children,  subsisting  from 
hand  to  mouth,  Heaven  only  knows  how — a 
daily  repetition  of  the  miracle  of  the  loaves 
and  fishes,  save  that  the  baskets  of  fragments 
are  omitted — the  wives  and  children  of  habi¬ 
tual  idlers,  loungers,  reprobates  and  criminals 
— the  families  of  the  crippled  and  diseased — 
of  poor  widows  and  persons  out  of  employ¬ 
ment,  and  the  aggregate  of  human  suffering 
from  absolute  want  is  frightful.  Who  can 
estimate  it? 

What  are  the  Statesmen  of  the  world  doing 
to  remedy  these  complicated  evils  and  mise¬ 
ries,  which  afflict  all  Nations  ? 

In  Ireland,  O’Connell  and  his  party  wish  a 
National  Parliament,  believing  that  it  would 
he  a  remedy  for  the  intense  wretchedness  in 
which  that  unfortunate  country  is  plunged. 
In  England  they  have  a  National  Parliament, 
and  what  does  it  do  for  her  millions  of  over¬ 
worked  and  famishing  operatives,  whose  suf¬ 
ferings  are  not  exceeded  by  those  of  any  other 
population  of  Europe  ? 

In  France  the  Liberal  Party  is  laboring  to 
estf  flisb  universal  Suffrage  and  an  unrestrict¬ 
ed  Liber  ty  of  the  Press,  indulging  in  the  de¬ 
lusive  hope  that  the  right  of  voting  will  secure 
to  Masses,  who  have  an  income  of  but  six 
cents  a  day,  prosperity  and  happiness.  In  the 
United  States,  we  have  universal  Suffrage  and 


the  Liberty  of  the  Press,  and  as  they  have  nc 
secured  happiness  to  the  People,  other  scheme 
and  projects,  equally  as  impotent,  occupy  th« 
attention  of  political  Leaders. 

The  Democratic  Party  advocates  a  speci' 
currency  and  the  abolishment  of  moneyet 
corporations,  contending  that  such  measure 
would  give  regularity  to  Industry,  open  a  broat 
field  to  individual  exertion,  and  bring  about  a 
state  of  general  prosperity.  In  France,  they 
have  a  specie  currency  and  no  banking  system, 
and  the  general  poverty  of  the  people  proves 
that  such  measures  can  by  themselves  effect 
no  good. 

The  Whig  Party,  on  the  other  hand,  advo- 
cates  the  establishment  of  a  national  and 
local  Banks,  a  paper  currency  and  an  extended 
credit  system.  In  England  they  have  a  na¬ 
tional  and  local  Banks  and  an  immensely  ex¬ 
tended  credit  system,  and  no  where  are  the 
“  poor  sons  of  honest  Industry”  so  effectually 
robbed  of  the  fruits  of  their  labor,  and  so  sunk 
in  industrial  and  financial  bondage  and  servi¬ 
tude. 

Thus  Politicians  and  Statesmen,  in  different 
countries,  are  laboring  to  carry  out  partial  re¬ 
forms  which  have  been  tried  practically  else¬ 
where,  and  which,  as  experience  has  demon¬ 
strated  over  and  over  again,  can  effect  no  great 
and  permanent  results. 

Political  reforms  operate  merely  on  the  sur* 
face  of  society ;  they  cannot  go  to  the  root  of 
social  Evil,  and  eradicate  those  deeply  seated 
Miseries,  which  result  from  repugnant  and 
ill-requited  labor,  from  an  unjust  distribution 
of  profits,  from  false  and  anarchical  compe¬ 
tition  in  trade  and  industry,  and  from  social 
institutions,  which  violate  and  outrage  in 
every  way  human  nature. 

Let  Politicians  be  called  upon  to  say  whe¬ 
ther  their  wisest  measures,  their  plans  the 
best  matured,  would,  if  fully  and  faithfully 
carried  out,  remedy  a  tithe  of  the  manifold 
and  complicated  Evils  which  exist,  and  which 
blight  the  existence  of  so  many  of  our  fellow- 
creatures. 

Would  they  give  food  to  the  Hungry? 
shelter  to  the  Houseless  ?  clothes  to  the  Un¬ 
clad  ?  Would  they  give  occupation  to  the 
destitute  Seekers  of  employment?  education 
to  the  Child  that  is  growing  up  in  ignorance  ? 
Would  they  relieve  the  toil-worn  Masses 
from  the  drudgery  and  anxieties  that  are 
wearing  them  out  in  body  and  soul  ?  Would 
they  correct  the  abuses  of  the  present  repug¬ 
nant,  ill-requited  and  degrading  system  of 
Labor,  and  the  industrial  tyranny  which  it 
entails  upon  the  Multitude  ?  W ould  they 
check  the  extortions,  monopolies  and  frauds 
of  trade,  and  the  tricks  and  injustice  of  the 
l  law?  Would  they  prevent  ruinous  Compe- 
t  tition  from  reducing  wages  to  starvation  point, 
|  and  obviate  the  frightful  effects  of  machinery, 
which  works  against  instead  of  for  the 
$  Mass?  Would  they  do  away  with  vice, 
{  crime  and  drunkenness,  and  the  temptations 
and  causes  of  despair,  which  seduce  men  into 
them  ?  In  short,  would  they  correct  effectu¬ 
ally  any  of  the  materal  miseries  which  ar$ 


8 


HUMAN  MISERIES. 


entailed  upon  the  Poor,  or  alleviate  the  moral  <■ 
woes  and  afflictions  which  shroud  in  gloom  \ 
the  existence  of  so  many  of  the  Rich,  who  are  j 
freed  from  want  and  worldly  care  ? 

No,  they  would  do  nothing  of  the  kind;  5 
and  it  is  as  evident  as  that  the  sun  shines  in  \ 
the  heavens,  that  a  Social  Reform  only  can  < 
effect  those  fundamental  changes,  which  are  > 
required  to  remedy  the  intense  and  compli¬ 
cated  Evils  which  now  prey  upon  all  classes 
of  society. 

Men  of  talent  and  genius,  who  are  devoting 
your  energies  to  political,  administrative  and 
other  minor  Reforms,  examine  the  grand  ques¬ 
tion  of  a  Social  Reform — so  much  more  vast, 
and  so  much  more  pregnant  with  great  re¬ 
sults  !  Why  waste  your  powers  upon  ephe¬ 
meral  projects,  which,  if  carried  out,  will 
effect  but  little  good,  and  will  soon  be  forgot¬ 
ten — sinking  into  oblivion  your  names  and 
your  efforts?  In  fifty  years  hence,  how  small 
will  the  question  of  a  sub-treasury  or  national 
bank  appear,  and  who  will  remember  the 
men  that  frittered  away  their  day  and  hour 
in  discussing  it  ?  When  the  broad  field  of  a 
Social  Reform,  which  spreads  out  so  far  be¬ 
yond  the  narrow  field  of  political  reform,  lies 
open  before  you — when  a  Reorganization  of 
Society,  which  is  the  grandest  undertaking 
that  any  Age  can  offer,  calls  for  your  efforts, 
how  can  you  consent  to  labor  for  minor  and 
secondary  reforms,  which  disappear  for  the 
most  part  with  the  day  that  brings  them 
forth  ? 

If  a  Social  Reform  can  be  effected  which 
will  dignify  Industry  and  render  it  attractive — 
increase  immensely  production  or  real  wealth 
— secure  abundance  to  the  Poor  and  perma¬ 
nent  prosperity  to  the  Rich — extend  the  re¬ 
fining  and  elevating  influence  of  superior 
education  to  all — widen  the  sphere  of  intel¬ 
lectual  existence,  and  combine  the  pleasures 
of  Art  and  Science  and  social  Life  with  the 
pursuits  of  useful  Industry,  how  desirable 
would  be  the  result,  and  how  worthy  of  the 
persevering  efforts  of  men  of  pure  motives 
and  exalted  ambition ! 

The  mind  of  Man  has  not  yet  elevated  itself 
to  the  Idea  of  undertaking  with  intelligence 
and  foresight  a  Social  Reform,  but  the  Age  is 
sufficiently  prepared  for  this  grand  Idea  to 
warrant  its  being  broached  and  discussed. 
The  World  has  run  through  and  accomplished 
those  various  minor  and  preliminary  reforms — 
political,  legislative,  judiciary,  &c. — which 
first  occupy  the  attention  of  men,  and  there 
is  nothing  now  to  prevent  them  from  compre¬ 
hending,  that  it  is  not  changes  in  the  Govern¬ 
ment,  and  Administration,  or  on  the  surface  of 
society  that  are  required,  but  a  fundamental 
Reform  in  the  social  Organization  itself 

Let  us  now  turn  from  these  general  consider¬ 
ations,  and  cast  a  glance  at  the  condition  and 
tendency  of  things  in  our  own  land. 

The  history  of  the  United  States  proves 
practically  and  beyond  the  possibility  of  de¬ 
nial,  that  political  and  administrative  reforms 
cannot  secure  to  the  People  Happiness  and 


Social  Elevation.  We  have  enjoyed  a  long 
period  of  peace ;  the  best  talent  of  the  coun¬ 
try  has  been  devoted  to  Politics ;  various  par¬ 
ties — Federal  and  Democratic — have  had  the 
ascendency ;  different  policies — Hamiltonian 
and  Jeffersonian— have  been  carried  out;  the 
labors  of  from  thirteen  to  twenty-six  State 
Legislatures,  of  a  National  Congress  and  an 
unshackled  Press,  have  been  devoted  to  the 
work  of  improvement,  and  after  all,  what  great 
results  have  been  attained  ?  Are  the  People 
happier?  are  they  more  elevated,  morally  and 
socially  ?  have  they  pleasing  and  encouraging 
prospects  before  them?  are  they  moving 
onward  toward  some  high  Destiny  which 
excites  enthusiasm?  No,  far  from  it;  real 
Evils,  such  as  collective  poverty  and  depen- 
\  dence,  anxiety  for  the  future,  fluctuations  in 
|  trade  and  in  industry,  and  instability  in  politi- 
cal  policy,  have  increased  and  with  marked 
\  rapidity. 

It  is  true  that  Commerce  has  been  greatly 
s  developed  and  extended,  but  it  has  been  in  so 
\  incoherent  and  disorderly  a  manner  that  vio- 
lent  revulsions  have  every  few  years  taken 
place,  which  have  plunged  the  country  at  each 
>  period  into  the  greatest  distress,  and  entailed 
|  ruin  upon  all  classes  of  society.  Besides,  Com- 
|  merce  prospers  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
|  of  profits  which  it  draws  from  productive  In- 
\  dustry — from  agriculture  and  manufactures. 

{  so  that  its  prosperity  is  a  very  deceptive  sign 
of  public  welfare. 

It  is  true,  also,  that  great  internal  Improve- 

I  meats  have  been  carried  out,  but  how  inju¬ 
diciously  and  wastefully  have  they  been  pro¬ 
secuted  !  A  majority  of  them  are  unfinished 
and  pay  no  returns,  and  many  of  the  States 
that  have  undertaken  them,  have  become 
j  bankrupt — causing  the  ruin  of  thousands  of 
|  individuals,  who  loaned  them  their  money. 

<;  The  great  achievement  of  the  country  is  its 
j  progress  in  Industry,  which  has  been  most 
|  rapid ;  vast  forests  have  been  cleared,  towns 
|  and  cities  built,  immense  lines  of  roads  made, 
|  vessels  and  steamboats  without  number  con¬ 
structed,  and  the  resources  of  the  country 
wonderfully  developed. — But  this  great  move- 
<  ment  is  not  to  be  ascribed  to  political  and 
legislative  action,  but  to  the  fact  that  the  en¬ 
ergies  of  the  People,  instead  of  being  wasted 
in  war,  or  repressed  by  military  power,  as 
has  been  the  case  in  all  other  countries,  have 
been  directed  to  practical  Improvements  and 
the  development  of  Industry. 

>  This  great  industrial  Progress  is  worthy  of 
i  the  highest  praise  and  excites  admiration,  but 
j  while  it  has  taken  place,  Social  Evils,  as  we 
s  said,  have  increased  and  with  surprising  rapid- 
$  ity.  Our  anarchical  commercial  and  finan- 
<  cial  system,  together  with  free  competition, 
j  which  is  exceeding  in  intensity  and  relentless- 
•>  ness  all  bounds,  are  engendering  universal  dis- 
\  trust,  antipathy,  selfishness  and  antagonism 
>  in  society,  and  contaminating  all  the  practical 
\  affairs  of  life  with  fraud,  injustice  and  double 
>  dealing. 

j  Competitive  strife  among  -the  Laboring 
I  Classes,  which  arrays  them  in  hostility  against 


INDIVIDUAL  PROPERTY — MARRIAGE  AND  FAMILY  TIES — RELIGION. 


9 


each  other,  and  machinery  in  the  hands  of  the 
few  which  works  against  them,  are  gradually 
reducing  the  price  of  wages  and  prolonging 
the  time  of  toil,  and  these  and  other  circum¬ 
stances  prognosticate  for  them  a  future  of 
poverty  and  degrading  dependence.  Their 
condition  has  already  become  more  precari¬ 
ous  ;  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  employment 
is  greater,  and  the  means  of  living  more  un¬ 
certain  than  ever.  The  Mechanic  and  Labor¬ 
er  can  no  longer  look  forward  as  in  former 
years  with  the  hope  of  securing  a  home  for 
old  age,  but  consider  themselves  fortunate  if 
they  can  satisfy  present  exigences  and  obtain 
the  means  of  subsistence  for  the  day. 

While  this  change  in  the  Social  condition 
of  the  glasses  has  been  going  on,  frauds  and 
revulsions  in  trade  and  finance  have  become 
more  frequent,  more  sweeping  and  unforeseen, 
spreading  ruin  among  the  Rich,  and  rendering 
them  extremely  insecure  intheir  possessions. 

Our  whole  system  of  Commerce  and  Indus¬ 
try  has  become  a  round  of  killing  cares,  ha¬ 
rassing  anxieties,  disgusts,  hopes  blasted,  and 
unforeseen  reverses  and  ruin.  The  business 
world  is  an  arena  of  conflicts,  overreaching 
and  fraud— a  school  for  the  most  callous  self¬ 
ishness  and  duplicity ;  its  spirit  has  rendered 
business  tact,  craft  and  petty  cunning  the 
most  important  of  qualifications — made  the 
practice  of  truth  and  justice  impossible — de¬ 
graded  the  higher  faculties  of  the  mind — sunk 
the  pursuits  of  Art,  Science  and  useful  Indus¬ 
try  below  the  mere  ability  of  money-making — 
set  up  wealth  as  the  standard  of  excellence 
and  respectability,  and  rendered  its  acquisition 
a  mania,  to  wrhich  all  the  higher  and  more 
noble  aims  of  life  are  sacrificed. 

Such  are  results  which  are  growing  out  of 
the  present  system  of  Society,  as  it  is  advan¬ 
cing  to  maturity.  With  the  spectacle  of  them 
before  us,  should  we  remain  satisfied  with  the 
political,  administrative  and  other  partial  re¬ 
forms,  which  occupy  public  attention,  or  un¬ 
dertake  a  Social  Reform,  which  will  eradicate 
at  once  the  numerous  evils  which  the  present 
false  organization  of  Society  engenders  ? 

- o - 

INDIVIDUAL  PROPERTY— MARRIAGE 
AND  FAMILY  TIES— RELIGION. 


I  respect  the  dignity  of  Human  Nature. 

Channing. 

All  Community  of  Property  is  the  grave  of  indi¬ 
vidual  Liberty. 

In  true  Association,  individual  Interests,  so  far 
from  being  mixed,  confounded,  sacrificed  or 
even  subjected  to  those  of  the  Mass  or  Commu¬ 
nity,  should  remain  essentially  distinct ;  and 
individual  Will  should  act  for  the  greatest 
good  of  the  Whole,  without  being  violated  or 
constrained.  J.  Muiron. 

The  Love  of  God  will  become  in  this  new  Order 
the  most  ardent  Love  among  Men.  Fourier. 

As  we  cannot  explain  at  once  the  whole 
of  the  system  of  Association,  and  as  a  great 
many  prejudices,  aroused  by  the  promulga¬ 
tion  of  agrarian  and  atheistical  doctrines,  may 


be  imputed  to  us,  we  deem  it  important  to 
make  the  following  explicit  declarations. 

ls£.  Association  will  maintain  Individual 
Property,  and  extend  its  right  and  the  means 
of  acquiring  it  to  every  member  of  society,  so 
that  no  one  will  be  subjected  to  galling  pecu¬ 
niary  dependence.  *  The  petty  tyranny,  or 
vexatious  control  of  the  individual  over  the  in¬ 
dividual,  which  exists  so  generally  at  present, 
and  which  is  the  most  odious  and  repulsive 
of  all  tyrannies,  is  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
great  majority  of  persons  possess  no  property 
in  their  own  right,  and  are  as  a  consequence 
pecuniarily  dependent.  W e  may  safely  esti¬ 
mate  that  not  one  person  out  of  ten  holds 
property  at  present,  so  that  as  a  general  rule 
Individual  Property  does  not  exist.  Associa¬ 
tion,  with  its  immense  economies,  its  great 
productiveness,  and  the  guarantee  of  the 
choice  of  occupations  and  constant  employ¬ 
ment,  will  enable  every  one  to  attain  fortune, 
or  at  least  a  handsome  competency. 

2d.  Association  will  maintain  the  Family 
and  Marriage  Ties;  for  they  exist  in  the  moral 
Nature  of  man,  and  any  system  which  would 
destroy  them,  betrays  an  utter  ignorance  of 
his  nature  and  true  social  principles^  Those 
ties  are  now  often  outraged  and  broken  by 
jarring  discords,  by  quarrelsome  ignorance, 
monotony,  tyranny,  drunkenness  and  other 
vices  inherent  in  the  present  system  of  Socie¬ 
ty  ;  but  Association  will  correct  these  evils  and 
give  to  the  Family  Union  a  purity,  elevation 
and  harmony,  which  it  nowr  rarely  possesses. 

We  condemn  the  system  of  Isolated  House¬ 
holds,  but  not  Marriage,  which  is  an  institu¬ 
tion  separate  and  distinct  from  our  present 
domestic  arrangements.  People  suppose  that 
the  marriage  tie  could  not  be  maintained  in 
Association,  and  would  be  dissolved  if  it  were 
not  confined  to  the  isolated  household, — that 
is,  if  each  family  did  not  live  in  a  separate 
house  by  itself.  This  is  a  superficial  error : 
do  we  not  see  that  families  can  live  in  tents, 
cottages,  boarding-houses  or  palaces  without 
the  marriage  tie  being  dissolved?  Why  then 
can  it  not  exist  in  Association  ? 

Some  Reformers  have  attacked  Marriage, 
and  attributed  to  it  from  mistake  the  numer¬ 
ous  evils  engendered  by  the  system  of  isolated 
households.  They  have  been  guilty  of  a  great 
error,  and  have  been  frustrated  by  it  in  all 
their  efforts  at  reform.  So  far  from  Marriage 
being  the  cause  of  those  evils,  it  is  itself  de¬ 
graded  and  contaminated  by  the  system  of 
isolated  households;  and  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  may  almost  be  said,  the  isolated 
household  is  the  tomb  of  Love.  It  will  be 
reserved  for  Association,  with  its  riches,  its 
complete  moral  and  intellectual  development 
of  beings,  the  enjoyment  of  the  arts  and  scien¬ 
ces,  and  its  freedom  from  monotony,  and  pet¬ 
ty  domestic  cares  and  anxieties,  to  refine  and 
elevate  Marriage.  The  isolated  household 
produces  disagreements,  engenders  antipa¬ 
thies,  and  deadens  all  enthusiasm. 

We  are  well  aware  that  great  defects  are 
to  be  found  in  the  family  and  marriage  Ties, 
as  they  now  exist:  the  former  leads  as  a  genr 


10 


ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


er&l  rule  to  the  most  contracted  and  repulsive  ; 
selfishness,  and  the  latter  is  in  the  most  of  > 
cases  a  mere  worldly,  sensual  connection.  But  ; 
then  we  do  not  wish  to  destroy,  but  to  pre-  ; 
serve  and  elevate  them,  for  we  feel  absolutely  ’ 
certain  that  the  parent  will  always  love  the  j 
child  and  the  child  the  parent,  and  that  iutel-  ) 
lectual  love  will  invariably  lead  to  chastity  ; 
and  fidelity. 

3d.  Association  will  respect  sacredly  the  : 
Religious  Sentiment,  and  preserve  religious 
"Worship,  which  is  the  external  manifestation  \ 
of  that  Sentiment  in  the  human  soul.  .  f> 

Some  reformers  have  attacked  Religion,  \ 
and  in  so  doing  have  filled  the  minds  of  peo-  > 
pie  with  a  dread  that  any  great  plan  of  Social  l 
Reform  will  be  connected  with  Infidelity.  I 
Let  us  point  out  briefly  why  they  have  com-  ' 
mitted  this  error,  as  it  will  probably  be  the  ; 
best  way  of  proving  that  we  shall  avoid  it. 

During  the  course  of  our  false  societies,  >> 
which  pervert  almost  every  thing  true  and 
good,  Religion  has  at  times  been  greatly  per¬ 
verted  and  abused,  and  has  produced  gigantic  ) 
evils.  The  horrors  perpetrated  in  religious  ? 
'wars  and  persecutions,  the  atrocities  of  the  l 
Inquisition  and  other  outrages  committed  in  > 
the  name  of  Religion  are  certainly  appalling  > 
to  contemplate.  Struck  with  these  abuses,  \ 
and  believing  them  inherent  in  Religion,  some  > 
reformers  have  wished  to  abolish  it ;  they  i 
have  not  had  the  perspicuity  to  separate  the  > 
abuses  of  Religion  from  Religion  itself — to  sep¬ 
arate  the  effect  of  sectarian  Fanaticism,  act-  \ 
ing  upon  ignorant  and  deluded  minds,  from  ; 
true  Religion  and  the  high  and  exalted  senti-  ; 
ments  connected  with  it,  but  have  wished  to  . 
blot  out  the  religious  principle  in  Humanity,  \ 
and  sever  the  connection  between  it  and  the  > 
Divinity.  > 

Fourier  was  guided  in  his  researches  by 
genuine,  or  as  he  terms  it,  integral  Faith  in 
God  and  the  universality  of  his  Providence,  \ 
and  he  sought  to  discover  the  laws  of  Order 
and  Harmony  which  govern  the  Universe,  in 
which  he  succeeded,  and  he  has  given  to  the  l 
world  a  Social  Order  deduced  from  and  based  < 
upon  those  laws.  This  Order  is  essentially  ' 
religious  in  its  character,  first,  because  it  is  > 
based  upon  laws  and  principles  which  have 
their  origin  in  Divine  Wisdom,  whereas  all 
past  and  present  societies  are  based  upon  ar-  ; 
bitrary  laws,  devised  by  human  Reason, — that  i 
is,  by  Legislators  and  Philosophers ;  and,  \ 
second,  because  its  aim  is  to  unite  and  con-  > 
nect  men  in  bonds  of  peace  and  harmony,  and 
establish  that  Brotherhood  among  Mankind,  > 
which  was  the  desire  of  Christ. 

Fourier  has,  in  three  of  his  works — Theory  '> 
of  Universal  Unity;  The  Neiv  Industrial  >' 
World ,  and  False  Industry — devoted  a  con-  \ 
siderable  space  to  proving  scientifically  the 
Immortality  of  the  Soul,  which  he  has  done 
in  the  most  conclusive  maimer,  and  in  The 
New  Industrial  World ,  he  has  shown  the 
perfect  coincidence  which  exists  between  the 
practical  aims  and  tendencies  of  Christianity 
and  Association,  and  has  proved  that  the 
former  can,  only  be  realized  in  practice  in  a 


Society  based  upon  a  Union  of  the  individual 
with  the  collective  Interest,  Concert  of  Action, 
Attractive  Industry  and  Social  Unity. 

These  remarks'  are  general  in  their  charac¬ 
ter practically  we  will  state,  that  in  Associa¬ 
tion  the  most  perfect  Freedom  of  Opinion  will 
exist,  and  a  true  sentiment  of  Tolerance  be  in« 
culcated.  Every  individual  will  enjoy  his  re¬ 
ligious  opinions  precisely  as  he  wishes  and 
without  restriction.*  The  Association  will 
build  a  Church,  and  if  there  are  persons  who 
entertain  particular  religious  views,  the  Asso¬ 
ciation  will  furnish  them  halls,  where  they  can 
render  thanks  to  the  Creator  of  the  Universe 
as  they  feel  and  judge  proper. 

Association  will  establish  no  new  sect  or 
creed :  it  will,  with  the  aid  of  its  system  of 
attractive  industry,  its  vast  economies  and  a 
superior  practical  and  scientific  education,  ren¬ 
der  Wealth  and  Knowledge  universal,  so  that 
All  may  be  elevated  to  worldly  comfort  and 
moral  dignity.  In  such  a  state  of  things,  the 
religious  Sentiment  will  have  every  chance  of 
a  universal  and  noble  development,  which  is 
impossible  in  societies,  in  which  poverty,  ig¬ 
norance,  conflicts  of  interests,  and  repugnant 
toil,  harass  and  degrade  nine-tenths  of  Man¬ 
kind. 

The  practical  organization  of  Association 
has  no  more  to  do  with  the  religious  belief  of 
people,  than  the  building  of  a  block  of  houses 
or  a  large  hotel  has  to  do  with  the  creeds  of 
those  who  are  to  inhabit  them.  We  aim  at 
establishing  a  Social  Order  in  which  Man  will 
find  abundance,  knowledge  and  the  moral  and 
material  enjoyments  which  his  nature  re¬ 
quires.  In  his  religious  belief  and  opinions, 
he  will  enjoy  unrestricted  liberty. 

- o - 

ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


No  part  of  the  system  of  Association  pre¬ 
sents  greater  claims  upon  general  approbation 
than  its  Economies.  The  almost  universal 
desire  of  Men  is  to  attain  fortune,  or  at  least  a 
competency ;  and  as  Economy  is  one  of  the 
two  sreat  avenues  that  lead  to  riches  and 
worldly  comfort,  the  descriptions  which  are 
given  below  cannot  fail,  we  think,  to  interest 
the  Reader,  and  predispose  him  favorably 
towards  the  System  which  is  to  secure  abun¬ 
dance  to  all,  and  sweep  Want,  with  all  its 
degrading  and  harassing  influences,  from  so¬ 
ciety. 

We  extract  these  descriptions  from  Fou¬ 
rier’s  large  work,  entitled,  Theory  of  Univer¬ 
sal  Unity. 


We  see  here  and  there  a  few  examples  of 
Association,  referable  to  instinct  or  accident 
merely,  which  should  have  led  to  farther  inves¬ 
tigations.  The  peasants  of  Jura,  in  Switzer 
land,  finding  that  the  milk  collected  by  a 
single  family  will  not  make  a  cheese  which 
is  very  much  esteemed,  called  gruyere ,  unite 
and  bring  their  milk  daily  to  a  common  depot. 


ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


11 


where  notes  are  kept  of  the  quantity  deposited 
by  each  family ;  and  from  these  small  collec¬ 
tions  a  large  and  very  valuable  cheese  is 
made,  which  is  divided  pro  rata  among  those 
who  contributed  to  it. 

W e  see  Association  in  some  countries  intro¬ 
duced  also  into  minor  details  of  rural  Eco¬ 
nomy — into  a  common  oven,  for  instance.  A 
hundred  families  composing  a  hamlet,  know 
that  if  it  were  necessary  to  construct,  keep  in 
repair  and  heat  a  hundred  ovens,  it  would 
cost  in  masonry,  fuel  and  management  ten 
times  as  much  as  one  oven  in  common — the 
economy  of  which  is  increased  twenty  and 
thirty  fold,  if  the  village  contains  two  or 
three  hundred  families. 

It  follows,  that  if  Association  could  be  ap¬ 
plied  to  all  the  details  of  domestic  and  agri¬ 
cultural  operations,  an  economy  on  an  average 
of  nine-tenths  would  result  from  it — indepen¬ 
dent  of  the  additional  product,  which  would 
arise  from  the  saving  of  hands,  employed  in 
other  functions.  We  do  not,  therefore,  exag¬ 
gerate  in  stating  that  domestic  Association  on 
the  smallest  scale,  say  of  four  hundred  per¬ 
sons,  would  yield  a  Product  six  times  as  great 
as  that  which  is  now  obtained  from  our  pre¬ 
sent  system  of  incoherent,  isolated,  piece-meal 
and  disassociated  cultivation. 

Certain  classes — soldiers  for  example — are 
forced  from  necessity  to  resort  to  the  Econo¬ 
mies  of  Association.  If  they  prepared  their 
scanty  meals  separately,  as  many  soups  as 
there  are  individuals,  instead  of  preparing  for 
a  large  number  at  once,  it  would  cost  them  a 
vast  deal  of  time  and  trouble,  and  they 
would  not  be  as  well  served,  although  the 
outlay  would  be  increased  three-fold.  Sup¬ 
pose  a  Monastery  of  thirty  Monks  had 
thirty  different  kitchens,  thirty  different  fires, 
and  every  thing  else  in  the  same  ratio ;  it  is 
certain  that,  while  expending  six  times  as 
much  in  materials,  cooking  implements  and 
hire  of  servants,  they  would  be  infinitely 
worse  served,  than  if  there  was  Unity  in  their 
household  Organization. 

How  has  it  happened,  that  the  Politicians 
of  the  present  day,  so  immersed  in  their  mi¬ 
nute  calculations  and  economies,  have  not 
thought  of  developing  these  germs  of  social 
Economy,  and  of  extending  both  to  rural  and 
city  populations  some  system  of  domestic  As¬ 
sociation,  examples  of  which  we  see  scattered 
here  and  there  in  our  present  state  of  society  ? 
Could  not  some  mechanism,  in  which  landed 
and  other  property  would  be  represented  by 
stock,  divided  into  shares,  be  discovered,  that 
would  induce  three  hundred  families  to  form 
an  Association,  in  which  every  person  would 
be  paid  according  to  the  three  following  quali¬ 
fications — Labor,  Capital,  Skill?  No  Eco¬ 
nomist  has  directed  his  attention  to  this  im¬ 
portant  problem  : — nevertheless,  how  great 
would  be  the  profit  in  case  one  vast  granary 
or  bam,  well  managed  and  overseen,  could  be 
substituted  in  the  place  of  three  hundred 
little  bams,  exposed  to  rats,  weevil  and  fire ! 

As  the  problem  is  solved  and  Association  is 

discovered,  we  must  not  be  stopped  by  appa¬ 


rent  obstacles,  but  investigate  the  immensity 
of  the  economies  of  Association  in  the  small¬ 
est  details. 

Instead  of  a  hundred  milk-men  who  lose  a 
hundred  days  in  the  city,  one  or  two  would  be 
substituted,  with  properly  constructed  vehi¬ 
cles  for  performing  their  work.  Instead  of  a 
hundred  farmers  who  go  to  market,  and  lose 
in  the  taverns  and  groceries  of  the  city  a 
hundred  days,  three  or  four  to  manage  and 
oversee,  with  as  many  wagons,  would  take 
their  place.  Instead  of  three  hundred  kit¬ 
chens,  requiring  three  hundred  fires,  and 
wasting  the  time  of  three  hundred  women, 
one  vast  kitchen  with  three  fires  for  preparing 
food  for  three  different  tables,  at  different 
prices,  for  the  various  classes  of  fortune,  would 
be  sufficient ;  ten  women  -would  perform  the 
same  function  which  now  requires  three 
hundred. 

We  are  astonished  when  we  reflect  upon 
the  colossal  profits  which  would  result  from 
these  large  Associations.  Take  fuel  alone, 
which  has  become  so  expensive — is  it  not 
evident,  that  for  cooking  and  the  warming  of 
rooms,  Association  would  save  seven-eighths 
of  the  wood  and  coal  which  our  present  sys¬ 
tem  of  incoherent  and  isolated  Households, 
wastes  and  consumes  ? 

The  parallel  is  equally  glaring,  if  we  com¬ 
pare  theoretically  or  in  imagination  the  cul¬ 
tivation  of  a  domain  in  Association,  overseen 
like  a  single  farm,  with  the  same  extent  of 
country,  cut  up  into  little  farms,  and  subjected 
to  the  caprice  of  three  hundred  families. 
Here  one  family  makes  a  meadow  of  a  sloping 
piece  of  land,  which  Nature  destined  to  the 
vine  ;  there  another  sows  wheat  where  grass 
should  grow ;  a  third,  to  avoid  buying  grain, 
clears  a  declivity  which  the  rains  will  strip 
of  its  soil  the  following  year ;  while  a  fourth 
and  a  fifth  misapply  the  soil  in  some  other 
way.  The  three  hundred  families  lose  their 
time  and  money  in  barricading  themselves 
against  each  other,  and  in  law-suits  about 
boundary  lines  and  petty  thefts ;  they  all 
avoid  works  of  general  utility,  which  might 
be  of  advantage  to  disagreeable  or  detested 
neighbors,  and  individual  interest  is  every 
where  brought  in  conflict  with  public  good. 

The  civilized  World  talks  of  Economy  and 
System :  what  system  does  it  see  in  this  in¬ 
dustrial  incoherence,  this  anti-social  confu¬ 
sion  ?  How  has  it  happened  that,  for  thirty 
centuries,  it  has  not  been  discovered  that  As¬ 
sociation,  and  not  cultivation  carried  on  by 
isolated  households,  is  the  destiny  of  man,  and 
that  so  long  as  he  is  ignorant  of  the  theory 
of  domestic  Association,  he  has  not  attained 
his  destiny  ? 

ECONOMIES  IN  GRANARIES,  CELLARS,  FUEL, 
TRANSPORTATION,  ETC. 

We  are  astonished,  as  we  before  observed, 
when  we  pass  a  few  moments  in  drawring  a 
picture  of  the  enormous  profits,  which  would 
result  from  an  assemblage  of  three  or  four 


12 


ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


hundred  families,  inhabiting  one  vast  Edifice, 
in  which  they  would  find  suites  of  rooms  and 
tables  at  various  prices,  covered  communica¬ 
tions,  varied  functions — in  short,  every  tiling 
that  could  abridge,  facilitate  and  give  a  charm 
to  Industry. 

In  going  into  details,  we  will  first  examine 
the  advantages  of  Association  in  Granaries 
and  Cellars.  The  three  hundred  granaries  or 
barns,  which  three  hundred  farming  families 
require,  would  be  replaced  by  a  vast  Granary, 
divided  into  special  compartments  for  each 
kind  of  grain,  and  even  for  each  variety.  All 
the  advantages  of  dryness,  ventilation  and 
locality,  could  be  observed  and  attended  to — 
advantages  which  the  farmer  cannot  now 
think  of;  for  often  his  house  and  barns  are 
badly  situated  for  the  preservation  of  his  pro¬ 
duce.  A  Community  of  eighteen  hundred 
persons  would  always  make  choice  of  the 
most  favorable  location  in  every  respect  for 
their  Edifice  or  rural  Palace  and  out-houses. 
The  expense  of  walls,  doors,  frame-work, 
machinery,  precautions  against  fire,  insects, 
&c.  of  a  vast  granary,  would  not  cost  one- 
tenth  part  of  what  three  hundred  barns,  at 
best  but  defectively  constructed,  now  do.  Ten 
doors  and  windows  only  would  be  necessary 
there,  where,  with  the  present  system,  three 
hundred  are  required,  and  every  thing  else  in 
proportion. 

It  is  above  all  in  precautions  against  fire 
and  other  accidental  waste,  that  the  profits 
become  colossal.  All  measures  of  public  se¬ 
curity  are  impracticable  with  three  hundred 
families,  some  being  too  poor  to  take  neces¬ 
sary"  precautions,  others  too  careless  or  indif¬ 
ferent.  W e  frequently  hear  of  a  whole  town 
having  been  consumed  by  the  imprudence  of 
a  single  family'.  Precautions  against  insects, 
rats,  &;c.,  become  also  illusive,  because  there 
is  no  joint  action  between  these  families.  If 
by  great  care  one  farmer  destroys  the  rats  in 
his  granaries,  he  is  soon  assailed  by  those  of 
the  neighboring  barns  and  fields,  that  have 
not  been  cleared  of  them,  for  the  want  of  a 
system  of  general  co-operation,  impossible 
with  the  present  diversity  of  interests. 

Association  gives  rise  to  important  econo¬ 
mies  in  operations  which  are  now  deemed 
productive :  for  example,  three  hundred  farm¬ 
ing  families  send  to  market,  not  once,  but 
twenty  times  in  the  course  of  the  year :  if  a 
few  chickens  or  pounds  of  butter  are  to  be 
sold,  a  day  is  lost  in  town ;  this  amounts  for 
the  three  hundred  families  to  an  aggregate 
loss  of  six  thousand  days’  work,  without  in¬ 
cluding  the  expense  of  wagons,  which  is 
twenty-fold  that  of  Association.  In  the  lat¬ 
ter  Order  all  these  products  would  be  sold  in 
large  quantities,  as  sales  and  purchases  would 
take  place  only  between  Associations  of 
eighteen  hundred  persons.  By  avoiding  the 
complication  of  sales,  the  waste,  for  example, 
of  sending  three  hundred  persons  to  market, 
to  make  three  hundred  separate  negotiations, 
instead  of  a  single  one,  is  obviated,  and  we 
simplify  and  economize  an  important  branch 
of  operations, 


Ilf  one  Association  sells  five  thousand  bushels 
of  wheat  to  three  others,  the  care  of  milling 
and  storing  does  not  extend  to  nine  hundred 
families,  but  only  to  three.  Thus  after  hav¬ 
ing  saved  in  the  sale  of  the  produce,  ninety- 
nine-hundredths  of  the  distributive  labor,  this 
economy  is  repeated  in  its  preparation  for  use. 
^  It  is  consequently  an  economy  of  ninety-nine- 
;  hundredths  twice  repeated ;  and  how  many 
?  will  take  place  of  this  magnitude  ! 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  economies 
;  of  Association  are  almost  always,  like  those 
|  above,  of  a  compound  nature,  wrhich,  to  the 
j  saving  in  selling,  adds  that  of  storage  and 
|  preparation.  The  same  system  is  applicable 
<  to  liquids,  such  as  wines,  oils,  &c.  Three 
hundred  families  have  three  hundred  cellars, 
in  the  care  of  which,  ordinarly,  as'  much  ig¬ 
norance  as  want  of  skill  is  to  be  found.  There 
>  is  a  greater  loss  on  liquids  than  on  grain,  for 
the  care  of  the  former  is  a  great  deal  more 
hazardous,  and  requires  more  attention  and 
i  knowledge. 

5  — o — 

S  POSITIVE  AND  NEGATIVE  ECONOMIES. 


:  Negative  Profit  consists  in  producing  by 

\  doing  nothing,  more  than  people  now  often 
;  do,  who,  with  great  labor,  produce  frequently 
|  less  than  nothing.  W e  will  choose  walls  and 
j  fences  as  an  example.  If  thieving  did  not  ex- 
|  ist,  if  flocks  were  guarded  by  a  few  dogs,  as 
;  they  would  be  in  Association,  so  that  a  small 
;  hedge  or  furrow  would  answrer  all  purposes, 

;  fences  and  walls  could  be  done  away  with, 

;  and  the  expense  of  their  construction  and  re- 
!  pairs  saved.  Thus,  an  expensive  wall  or  fence 
!  is  equivalent  to  nothing,  as  to  present  product ; 

>  and  less  than  nothing,  as  to  future  product, 

!  for  it  will  cost  repairs.  A  large  portion  of  the 
|  greatest  works  of  our  civilized  Societies,  such 
!  as  fortifications  and  navies,  produce  either 

>  nothing  or  less  than  nothing,  considered  apart 
|  from  their  destructive  action. 

i  Negative  Profit,  or  the  saving  of  a  labor  in 

>  itself  unproductive,  is  easy  to  distinguish  from 
positive  Profit,  which  arises  from  increased 

<;  production  in  any  branch  of  Industry;  the 

<  former  kind  of  profit  being  the  least  understood 
in  the  present  order,  we  will  make  use  of  an 

\  example  to  illustrate  it. 

>  River  Fish :  this  source  of  product  is  the 

<  more  precious  as  it  requires  no  care,  and 
£  as  its  rapid  multiplication  is  not  prejudicial  to 

the  crops,  like  that  of  game.  How  great 
\  would  be  the  abundance  of  fish,  if  there  wTere 

>  a  general  understanding  to  suspend  fishing  at 

<  certain  periods,  and  leave  a  sufficient  quantity 

>  in  each  stream  for  re-production  !  Such  Con- 
\  cert  of  Action  is  one  of  the  results  of  Associa- 

Ition.  Persons,  expert  in  the  matter,  say,  that 
upon  an  average  of  years,  twenty  times  as 
many  fish  would  be  taken  in  all  small  streams, 
if  people  would  agree  to  fish  only  at  proper 
seasons,  so  as  not  to  exhaust  the  stock,  and 
take  but  a  quarter  of  the  pains  in  destroying 
otters  and  muskrats,  which  they  now  do  in 
despoiling  the  streams.  Such  would  be  the 


NON-PRODUCERS. 


13 


policy  of  Association,  which,  to  the  product 
of  rivers,  would  add  that  of  reservoirs,  with 
currents  for  preserving  distinct  species. 

Positive  Profit  consists  in  the  increased 
roduct  obtained  by  active  Industry.  We 
ave  in  the  present  Order  a  very  considerable 
quantity  of  positive  Riches,  from  which  we 
might  draw  a  double  or  treble  profit ;  such  are 
forests,  which  require  to  be  cleared  of  the  su¬ 
perabundance  of  trees  that  choke  their  growth. 
In  certain  other  branches,  we  have  too  much 
positive  Wealth.  Compared  with  the  quan¬ 
tity  of  grain  and  wine  produced,  we  have  a 
great  many  more  barns  and  casks  than  are 
necessary  ;  we  could  reduce  the  number  two 
thirds,  if  vast  granaries  and  large  tuns’  and 
vats  only  were  used.  Thus  real  Riches  often 
consist  in  a  diminution  of  the  positive  product. 

4 

- o - 

NON-PRODUCERS. 


One  of  the  greatest  sources  of  economy  in 
Association  will  be  the  return  of  Non-Pro¬ 
ducers — that  is,  of  idlers,  loungers,  persons 
engaged  in  useless  occupations,  the  idle  rich, 
etc.,  to  Productive  Industry.  This  result  can¬ 
not  be  attained  without  a  system  of  Attractive 
Industry ,  which  will  render  the  pursuits  of 
Agriculture  and  the  mechanical  Arts  pleasing 
and  honorable, — and  Industry  cannot  be  ren¬ 
dered  Attractive  except  in  Association. 

What  is  the  number  of  persons  actively 
engaged  at  present  in  producing?  Not  One- 
Third  of  the  population.  Two-Thirds  pro¬ 
duce  nothing ,  and  the  labor  of  the  producing 
Third  is,  for  want  of  good  implements,  work¬ 
shops  and  manufactories,  and  a  scientific  sys¬ 
tem  of  agriculture,  most  miserably  applied. 
All  must  live  from  the  scanty  product  of  the 
Producing  Third,  and  out  of  it  the  expenses 
of  Government,  the  profits  of  Commerce,  Fi¬ 
nance,  the  Law,  etc.  must  be  paid.  So  long 
as  this  state  of  things  continues,  Poverty  will 
be  the  lot  of  four- fifths  of  the  population,  and 
the  only  remedy  is  to  establish  a  system  of 
Attractive  Industry,  which  will  induce  the 
present  host  of  Non-Producers  to  take  part  in 
productive  Industry,  and  add  to  the  wealth  of 
Society.  To  show  that  two-thirds  of  the  po¬ 
pulation  produce  nothing,  we  add  below  a  list, 
which  we  extract  from  Fourier,  of  the  Non- 
Producing  Classes  in  the  present  Social  Order. 

List  of  Non-Producers  in  the  present  Social 

Order. 

]  st  Division. 

1.  Women. 

2.  Children. 

3.  Servants. 

2d  Division. 

4.  Armies. 

5.  Fiscal  Agents  and  Police. 

6.  Manufacturers  in  part. 

7.  Commerce  do. 

S  Useless  Transportation. 


1  3d  Division. 

I  9.  Idlers. 

10.  Con  trover  tists  and  Sophists. 

11.  Idle  Rich. 

12.  Outcasts. 

Principal  Classes. 

I  Persons  engaged  in  positive  Destruction. 
Persons  engaged  in  negative  Production. 

I  First  Division. — Domestic  Non-Producers. 

1.  Three-quarters  of  the  Women  in  cities, 
i  and  half  of  those  in  the  country,  produce  no- 
\  thing,  as  they  are  absorbed  in  unproductive 
|  domestic  occupations,  which  are  to  be  consi- 

I>  dered  useless,  as  they  grow  out  of  the  present 
system  of  isola  ted  households.  Their  labor  is 
estimated  in  political  economy  at  only  a  fifth 
of  that  of  men. 

2.  Three-fourths  of  Children,  perfectly  use¬ 
less  in  cities,  and  of  but  little  use  in  the  coun¬ 
try,  owing  to  their  mischievousness  and  want 
of  skill. 

3.  Three-fourths  of  Servants,  whose  labor 
is  rendered  necessary  by  the  present  domestic 
complication,  particularly  in  kitchens.  In 
Association,  thirty  cooks  would  do  infinitely 
better  the  work  which  now  requires  three 
hundred. 

Second  Division — Social  Non-Producers. 

4.  Armies  and  Navies,  which,  besides  ab¬ 
sorbing  a  very  large  portion  of  the  public  re¬ 
venue,  divert  from  productive  labor  the  most 
robust  of  the  population,  and  predispose  them 
to  depravity  by  forcing  them  to  sacrifice  in  a 
parasitic  function  years  which  they  should 
employ  in  acquiring  skill  and  ability  in  Indus¬ 
try,  for  which  they  lose  all  taste  in  a  military 
life.  The  mass  of  men  and  machines,  called 

ian  Army,  produces  nothing  while  waiting  to 
be  employed  in  destroying. 

5.  Fiscal  Agents.  —  What  a  quantity  of 
hands  does  the  Custom-House  alone  absorb ! 
To  these  we  may  add  tax-gatherers,  inspec¬ 
tors,  and  the  army  of  clerks  employed  in  the 
complicated  administrations  of  States  and  Ci¬ 
ties.  How  many  could  return  to  productive 
Industry  in  the  Combined  Order,  in  which  each 
Association  would  pay,  like  a  single  indivi¬ 
dual,  its  taxes ! 

6.  A  full  half  of  Manufacturers  may  be 
considered  relatively  unproductive,  owing  to 
,  the  vast  quantity  of  badly  manufactured  goods. 

(A  shoemaker  who  makes  a  pair  of  boots 
|  that  rip  at  the  end  of  the  week,  is  relatively 
|  unproductive,  for,  although  he  has  labored,  he 
|  has  produced  nothing  of  value,  and  might  as 
<  well  have  been  idle.  This  observation  applies 
f  to  an  immense  quantity  of  poor  manufactures, 
$  which  do  no  service.)  Perfection  in  this  de- 
\  partment  of  Industry  would  reduce  the  waste 
;  of  manufactures  to  one-half  or  three-quarters 
|  of  what  it  now  is. 

7.  Nine-tenths  of  Merchants  and  other 
<  Commercial  Agents.  In  the  Combined  Order 
\  a  system  of  wholesale  Trade,  which  would  be 


14 


NON-PRODUCERS. 


carried  on  direct  between  Associations  and  j 
would  be  performed  by  Commission  Mer-  { 
chants,  employed  by  the  Associations,  would  ; 
replace  the  present  incoherent  system  of  com-  i 
mercial  exchanges,  and  avoid  the  enormous  j 
complication  of  little  sales  and  purchases,  j 
which  now  take  place  between  isolated  fa-  j 
milies. 

8.  Two-thirds  of  the  Agents  of  Transpor-  j 

tation  by  sea  and  land. — To  the  waste  of  a  < 
complicated  system  of  conveyance,  is  to  be  j 
added  that  of  hazardous  transmission,  parti-  ji 
cularly  by  sea,  where  imprudence,  want  of  J 
skill  and  bad  vessels  increase  shipwrecks  ten-  j 
fold.  | 

Third  Division — Accessory  Non-Producers.  < 

9.  Legal,  Accidental  or  Secret  Idlers  ;  >{ 

persons  who  are  inactive  from  the  want  of  jj 
work  or  for  the  purpose  of  amusement.  Take  i 
useless  holidays  and  celebrations,  political  < 
meetings,  etc. :  what  an  immense  loss  of  time  l 
do  they  cause  !  They  can  be  much  reduced  < 
when  useful  occupation  and  industry  are  more  i 
attractive.  \ 

The  waste  arising  from  accidental  stop-  \ 
pages  of  work,  should  also  be  taken  into  l 
account.  If  the  Overseer  is  away,  the  Work-  j 
men  stop ;  if  they  see  a  man  or  a  cat  pass,  2 
they  all  turn  to  look — leaning  on  their  spades  i 
and  gaping  for  diversion ;  forty  or  fifty  times  j 
a  day  they  lose  in  this  way  five  minutes. 
Their  week’s  work  is  hardly  equal  to  four  full  > 
days.  How  much  waste  and  idleness  for  want  $ 
of  Attractive  Industry ! 

10.  Controvertists  and  Sophists  ;  to  whom  \ 

are  to  be  added  all  those  who  read  them,  i 
and  take  part  at  their  instigation  in  party  \ 
quarrels  and  unproductive  intrigues.  j 

The  list  of  Controvertists  and  Sophists  is  \ 
much  greater  than  would  at  first  be  supposed.  \ 
Let  us  take  jurisprudence,  as  an  example,  i 
which  appears  an  excusable  branch.  Suppose  < 
Association  were  not  to  produce  a  twentieth  > 
part  of  the  law-suits  which  we  now  have,  > 
and  that  to  settle  them,  it  employed  means  j; 
as  expeditious  and  simple  as  ours  are  compli-  l 
cated  and  protracted — it  follows  that  nineteen-  l 
twentieths  of  the  members  of  the  bar  are  t 
parasitic  Non-producers,  as  well  as  jurors  and  s 
witnesses  in  attendance.  (The  vast  amount  \ 


of  Talent  now  engaged  in  the  Law,  would 
have  in  the  Combined  Order  a  noble,  honor¬ 
able  and  lucrative  career  in  the  Arts  and 
Sciences  opened  to  it.) 

11.  Idle  Rich — people  passing  their  lives 
in  doing  nothing.  Add  to  them  their  ser¬ 
vants  and  employees,  for  all  classes  who 
serve  non-producers  are  themselves  unpro¬ 
ductive. 

12.  Outcasts — persons  in  open  rebellion 
against  the  laws,  morals  and  industry.  Such 
are  public  women,  vagrants,  beggars,  rogues, 
brigands,  etc.,  the  number  of  which  tends  less 
than  ever  to  decrease,  and  the  repression  of 
which  requires  the  maintenance  of  an  army 
of  constables  and  police  officers,  who  are 
equally  unproductive,  besides  the  expense  of 
jails,  penitentiaries  and  galleys.  Add  to  these, 
persons  engaged  in  lotteries  and  gambling- 
houses,  which  are  true  social  pests. 

Principal  Classes. 

Persons  engaged  in  Positive  Destruction. 
Such  are  Armies  actively  engaged  in  war,  and 
Monopolizers  who  cause  artificial  famines, 
which  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  some 
countries. 

Persons  engaged  in  Negative  or  Useless 
Production  :  they  are  excessively  numerous. 
The  labor  of  a  workman,  useful  in  appear¬ 
ance,  is  often  merely  negative — if  employed, 
for  instance,  on  a  fence  or  wall,  which  is  not 
positive  product ;  he  produces,  not  only  no¬ 
thing  for  the  present,  but  constructs  a  work 
which  will  cause  a  future  expense.  As  As¬ 
sociation  would  not  require  a  hundredth  part 
of  the  walls  and  fences  which  are  now  neces¬ 
sary,  they  are  to  be  considered  relatively  un¬ 
productive.  There  are  a  great  many  other 
useless  works,  such  as  bridges  and  edifices 
which  fall  down,  and  roads  that  have  to  be 
laid  out  anew  and  made  over. 

If  we  can  find  means  to  induce  all  these 
non-producing  Classes  to  take  part  in  produc¬ 
tive  occupations,  we  may  safely  calculate  that, 
with  an  appropriate  application  of  the  labor 
of  different  ages  and  sexes,  the  product  or 
real  wealth  of  society  can  be  increased  three¬ 
fold, — in  which  case,  with  a  just  Division  of 
Profits,  Poverty  can  be  banished  from  the 
earth. 


PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION  OF  ASSOCIATION 


15 


PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION 

OF 

ASSOCIATION. 


The  error  of  Science  is,  that  it  has  been  engaged 
for  five  and  twenty  centuries  past  in  political 
and  administrative  controversies,  which  only 
serve  to  excite  commotions.  It  should  have 
devoted  its  attention  exclusively  to  the  organ¬ 
ization  of  Industry,  to  the  art  of  associating 
isolated  families,  and  to  attaining  the  colossal 
Economies,  the  enormous  Profits,  which  such 
an  Association  would  produce. 

Fourier. 

All  philosophers  declare  that  Man  was  made  for 
Society; — starting  from  this  principle,  shouldhe 
tend  to  the  smallest  or  the  largest  Society  pos¬ 
sible  1  Beyond  all  doubt  it  is  in  the  largest 
that  he  will  find  all  the  advantages  of  System 
aud  Economy  :  and  inasmuch  as  we  have  only 
arrived  at  the  infinitely  small,  at  the  single 
Couple  with  their  children  in  a  house  by  them¬ 
selves,  is  any  other  proof  necessary  to  show, 
that  the  present  system  of  society  is  the  very 
opposite  of  human  Destiny  as  well  as  of  Truth  ? 

Fourier. 

Is  it  not  surprising  that  the  Political  Order  has 
alone  been  the  object  of  study,  while  the  In¬ 
dustrial  Order,  incomparably  more  essential  to 
the  happiness  of  Mankind,  has  been  almost 
entirely  neglected ?  A.  Tamisiek. 

- O - 

NUMBER  OF  PERSONS. 


The  proper  number  of  persons  for  an  Asso¬ 
ciation  is  about  Eighteen  Hundred,  or,  if  we 
suppose  six  persons  on  an  average  to  a  family, 
three  hundred  families.  This  number  is  not 
chosen  arbitrarily,  but  is  based  upon  the  num¬ 
ber  of  distinct  Characters  which  we  find  in 
Man,  and  which  compose  the  full  scale  of 
human  Character.  It  is  only  in  large  Asso¬ 
ciations  of  eighteen  hundred  persons,  that  all 
varieties  of  talents  and  capacities,  as  well  as 
the  proper  capital,  skill  and  knowledge,  can 
be  combined,  which  are  necessary  to  secure  a 
perfect  prosecution  of  Industry,  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences. 

If  the  members  of  an  Association  are  of 
different  degrees  of  fortune,  of  different  cha¬ 
racters,  tastes  and  talents,  and  possess  varied 
theoretical  and  practical  acquirements,  the 
easier  it  will  be  to  associate  and  harmonize 
them.  Diversity  in  these  respects  will,  in  a 
true  system  of  Association,  be  a  source  of 
Concord,  Union  and  Harmony. 

For  an  Association  on  a  small  scale,  four  or 
five  hundred  persons,  or  eighty  to  a  hundred 
families,  will  be  sufficient;  but  this  is  the 
smallest  number  with  which  an  Association 
can  be  organized,  in  which  the  Harmonies 
of  the  system — moral,  material  and  social — 
can  be  sufficiently  developed  to  show  its  im¬ 
mense  superiority  over  the  present  organiza¬ 
tion  of  Society, — in  which  Industry  can  be 
rendered  Attractive,  vast  Economies  intro- 


\  duced,  and  the  Passions  usefully  employed 
\  and  rightly  directed. 

These  conditions  cannot  be  fulfilled,  and 
\  Social  Harmony  cannot  be  attained  in  small 
'/  Associations  of  two  or  three,  or  even  twenty 

<  or  thirty  families ;  eighty  families  or  about 
$  four  hundred  persons,  at  least,  are  necessary. 

All  Harmony  is  based  upon  a  variety  of 

<  elements  properly  combined,  and  the  science 
|  of  Association  teaches  us  that  the  smallest 
<j  number  of  individuals,  or  elements  of  Social 
\  Harmony,  with  which  the  essential  parts  of 
\  the  mechanism  of  an  Association  can  be  or- 
]  ganized,  is  the  number  we  have  here  given. 

(Small  Associations  of  two  hundred  persons, 
or  about  forty  families,  could  be  established, 
which  would  offer  great  advantages,  as  re¬ 
gards  economy,  profit,  material  comfort  and 
a  judicious  application  of  labor  and  capital, 
over  the  present  system  of  Isolated  Families; 
but  the  mechanism  would  be  so  much  reduced, 
and  so  incomplete,  that  it  would  afford  but 
few  of  the  charms  and  advantages  of  a  large 
Association. 

A  great  many  persons  will  wish  to  form 
small  and  incomplete  Associations ;  they  would 
do  better  to  combine  their  means  and  form  a 
large  establishment.  To  show  the  importance 
of  doing  so,  we  will  state  that  it  is  only  in 
large  Associations  that  the  following  essential 
conditions  can  be  fulfilled. 

1.  Dignify  Industry  and  render  it  Attractive. 

2.  Effect  great  Economies,  which,  in  large 
Associations,  are  four-fold  what  they  are  in 
small  ones. 

3.  Establish  a  great  variety  of  occupations, 
in  Art  and  Science  and  Industry,  suited  to  the 
tastes,  talents  and  capacities  of  both  Sexes 
^  and  of  all  Ages,  and  offer  to  every  one  conge- 
\  nial  spheres  of  activity. 

4.  Secure  to  every  person  congenial  and 
|  pleasing  social  relations,  and  the  choice  of 
\  sympathetic  characters ;  avoid  all  forced  con- 
<  tacts,  and  absorb  any  individual  antipathies  in 
5  collective  affinities. 

<  5.  Combine  Capital  sufficient  to  prosecute 

\  Industry,  and  particularly  Agriculture,  which 
\  is  the  main  branch  of  it,  upon  a  vast  and 
\  scientific  scale,  and  to  give  to  every  thing' 

|  connected  with  them — to  the  fields,  gardens, 
j  workshops,  tools,  implements  and  working 
<  dresses — convenience  and  elegance,  without 
\  which  Industry  cannot  be  rendered  attractive. 

6.  Organize  the  mechanism  of  the  Groups 
\  and  Series,  without  which  the  Passions — now 

!so  discordant  and  rebellious — cannot  be  use¬ 
fully  and  legitimately  employed,  and  harmo¬ 
niously  developed. 

7.  Give  to  children  a  complete  moral,  in- 
‘(j  tellectual  and  physical  development,  which  is 
\  only  possible  in  large  Associations,  where  In¬ 
dustry  is  rendered  Attractive,  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences  are  extensively  cultivated. 

Let  these  conditions  be  fulfilled,  and  the 
advantages  of  Association  will  be  found  so 
immense,  that  the  isolated  Household,  with 
,  its  cares,  waste  and  monotony,  will  be  aban- 
\  doned  at  once. 


16 


THE  DOMAIN. — LOCATION. 


THE  DOMAIN. 


For  a  large  Association,  a  tract  of  land 
containing  about  six  thousand  acres,  or  three 
miles  square,  will  be  necessary.  For  a  small 
Association  of  four  hundred  persons,  fifteen 
hundred  acres  will  be  sufficient.  The  surface 
of  the  soil  should  be  undulating  and  adapted 
to  a  varied  cultivation,  and  a  small  stream  of 
water  should,  if  possible,  flow  through  it.  If 
the  heavier  branches  of  Agriculture,  such  as 
the  growing  of  grain  and  the  raising  of  flocks, 
are  not  prosecuted  in  a  small  Association,  and 
gardening  and  the  cultivation  of  fruit  are  made 
the  principal  Agricultural  pursuits,  a  some¬ 
what  less  quantity  will  answer. 

In  the  centre  of  the  Domain,  the  Association 
would  erect  a  commodious  and  elegant  Edi¬ 
fice,  capable  of  accommodating  comfortably 
the  members,  with  spacious  and  convenient 
suites  of  apartments,  separated  by  division 
walls,  and  at  different  prices,  to  suit  the  for¬ 
tunes  of  the  inhabitants,  and  storehouses, 
granaries  and  other  necessary  outhouses  in 
the  vicinity.  The  Edifice,  rising  in  the  midst 
of  the  finely  cultivated  fields  and  gardens  of 
the  Domain,  would  present  a  beautiful  spec¬ 
tacle  of  architectural  Unity,  in  comparison 
with  which  our  present  little  and  isolated 
constructions  would  appear  most  insignificant 
and  discordant. 

- o - 

LOCATION. 


In  organizing  the  first  Association  great 
advantages  would  be  secured  by  locating  it  in 
the  vicinity  of  a  large  city — that  is,  within  a 
circuit  of  twenty  or  thirty  miles.  This  is 
important,  and  for  various  reasons;  we  will 
mention  two. 

1st.  The  Association  should  have  a  conve¬ 
nient  market  for  its  lighter  agricultural  pro¬ 
ducts — such  as  vegetables,  fruits,  flowers,  etc. 
which  cannot  be  transported  far,  and  the  cul¬ 
tivation  of  which  is  more  attractive  than  the 
growing  of  grain  or  the  raising  of  flocks,  which 
would  have  to  be  almost  exclusively  attended 
to,  if  the  Association  were  located  in  the  far 
west.  Later,  as  the  system  spreads,  and  as 
groups  of  Associations  are  formed  near  each 
other,  means  will  exist  of  extending  attrac¬ 
tion  to  all  the  heavier  branches  of  Agriculture ; 
but  in  the  commencement,  care  must  be  taken 
to  select  those  branches  which  are  in  them¬ 
selves  the  most  attractive  and  pleasing,  and 
which  will  afford  occupations  to  both  sexes 
and  all  ages.  The  ready  sale  which  fruit, 
vegetables,  poultry  and  similar  productions 
command  in  cities,  would  render  an  Associa¬ 
tion  near  one  much  more  profitable  than  if 
located  in  a  thinly  settled  region ;  and  large 
profits  will  alone  induce  Capitalists  in  the  be¬ 
ginning  to  invest  their  funds  in  Association, 
and  aid  with  their  means  the  spread  of  the 
system. 


2d.  The  Association  could,  if  situated  near 
a  large  commercial  town,  obtain  all  facilities, 
such  as  machinery,  tools,  implements,  etc., 
with  ease  and  at  anytime  required;  if  located 
far  in  the  interior,  it  could  not,  but  would 
have  to  purchase  them  at  the  commencement, 
which  would  more  than  counterbalance  the 
cheapness  of  land.  The  Association  should 
also  be  near  a  large  city  to  be  at  once  ge¬ 
nerally  known,  and  lead  to  a  more  rapid 
imitation. 

- o - 

CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION 
AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL  ORDER. 


There  can  exist  but  two  methods  in  the  exercise 
of  Industry, — to  wit :  the  present  incoherent 
and  desultory  Order  or  cultivation  carried  on 
by  Isolated  Families  as  we  now  see  it ;  or  the 
combined  Order,  cultivation  prosecuted  by  As¬ 
sociations,  with  fixed  laws  as  respects  a  just 
distribution  of  profits— each  person  receiving  a 
share  proportioned  to  the  part  which  he  has 
taken  in  producing  them. 

Which  of  these  two  methods  is  the  one  de¬ 
signed  for  us  by  the  Creator  ?  Is  it  the  inco¬ 
herent  or  the  combined?  There  can  be  n» 
hesitation  on  this  point.  God,  as  supreme  eco¬ 
nomist,  must  have  preferred  Association,  the 
source  of  all  economy,  and  reserved  for  its 
organization  some  means,  the  discovery  of 
which  was  the  task  of  Genius. 

Fourier. 


>  If  we  wish  to  picture  to  ourselves  in  ima- 
i  gination  an  Association  established  and  in 

operation,  we  must  imagine  spreading  out 

<  before  us  a  fine  Domain,  covering  an  area  of 
\  three  miles  square,  beautifully  and  scientific- 
\  ally  cultivated,  diversified  witfi  gardens,  fields, 

<  fruit-orchards,  vineyards,  meadows  and  wood- 
|  lands;  in  the  centre  a  large  and  elegant 
I  Edifice,  with  spacious  and  commodious  out- 
1  houses,  combining  architectural  beauty  with 
\  convenience  and  economy ;  fine  flocks,  teams 
i  and  implements  greeting  everywhere  the  eye, 

'  and  an  intelligent  and  prosperous  Population 
j  engaged  from  Attraction  in  the  care  and  cul- 
|  tivation  of  the  whole.  The  Useful  and  the 
)  Beautiful  would  be  in  every  way  united:  the 
|  loveliness  of  Nature  would  be  heightened  by 
|  the  works  of  Man ;  and  the  charms  of  So- 
|  cial  life  and  the  pursuits  of  Art  and  Science 
\  and  useful  Industry,  would  be  in  every  way 

combined. 

/  W ould  not  eighteen  hundred  persons,  united 
|  in  an  Association,  prosecuting  with  order  and 
|  economy  all  their  industrial  and  business  ope- 
i  rations,  and  dividing  equitably  the  product  of 
their  Labor  and  Talent — each  receiving  a 

>  share  according  to  the  part  which  he  or  she 
has  taken  in  creating  it — live  much  more  in 
accordance  with  the  dictates  of  wisdom,  than 
if  they  were  divided  into  three  hundred  fami¬ 
lies,  inhabiting  as  many  isolated  little  tene- 

;>  ments,  as  lonely  in  general  as  they  are  incon- 
|  venient,  with  poor  farms  and  workshops,  poor 
\  flocks,  tools,  implements  and  machinery,  and 

<  without  the  charm  of  varied  social  relations, 
— without  Art,  Science  and  other  intellectual 

<  enjoyments,  which  give  to  human  existence 
\  its  elevation,  and  constitute  the  true  life  of 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION  AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL  ORDER. 


17 


Man?  We  leave  the  reader  to  answer  the 
question  himself. 

To  furnish  more  data  for  forming  an  opi¬ 
nion,  let  us  contrast  more  minutely  the  man¬ 
ner  in  which  three  hundred  families  now  live, 
and  the  manner  in  which  they  would  live  in 
Association.  The  contrast  will  show  us  the 
immense  superiority  of  Association,  as  regards 
Economy,  and  Unity  of  action  and  interests 
over  the  present  System. 

Three  hundred  families  require  at  present 
three  hundred  separate  houses,  three  hundred 
kitchens,  three  hundred  kitchen  fires,  three 
hundred  sets  of  cooking  utensils,  three  hun¬ 
dred  women,  to  do  the  cooking — and  if  they 
are  farming  families — three  hundred  little 
farms,  three  hundred  barns  and  sheds,  three 
hundred  teams,  innumerable  walls  and  fences, 
and  every  thing  else  equally  as  complicated 
and  uselessly  wasteful. 

All  the  cares  and  labor  attendant  upon  pro¬ 
viding  for  the  wants  of  a  family,  such  as 
cooking,  washing,  marketing  and  keeping  up 
fires,  must  be  gone  through  with  three  hun¬ 
dred  times  daily  by  the  three  hundred  fami¬ 
lies,  and  with  the  same  detail  as  for  an  as¬ 
semblage  of  eighteen  hundred  persons,  except 
the  difference  of  scale. 

Association  wrill  avoid  this  monstrous  com¬ 
plication  and  waste;  instead  of  three  hundred 
little  kitchens  and  three  hundred  fires,  it  will 
have  four  or  five  large  and  convenient  kitchens, 
with  as  many  fires,  by  means  of  which,  not 
only  the  cooking  can  be  done,  but  the  entire 
Edifice  warmed ;  instead  of  three  hundred 
little  fire-places  and  cooking-stoves,  and  as 
many  sets  of  cooking  utensils,  it  will  have  its 
extensive  kitchen  ranges,  its  large  boilers  and 
ovens,  and  machinery  on  the  largest  scale 
and  the  "best  that  can  be  invented  for  facili¬ 
tating  culinary  operations;  instead  of  three 
hundred  women  to  do  the  cooking,  it  will 
have  a  few  experienced  cooks,  engaged  by 
turns  every  other  day ;  instead  of  three  hun¬ 
dred  poor  teams,  half  the  time  idle,  it  will 
have  merely  the  requisite  number,  and  of  the 
best  quality;  instead  of  the  immense  number 
of  walls  and  fences  now  required,  it  will  have 
a  few  extensive  hedges ;  and  instead  of  making 
all  its  sales  and  purchases  at  retail,  paying  in 
profits  to  traders  one-half  of  the  product  of  its 
labor,  it  will  make  them  at  wholesale,  and  in 
the  most  economical  manner. 

To  what  immense  Economies  would  Asso¬ 
ciation  give  rise !  What  a  source  of  Riches 
it  would  be !  We  live  in  an  Age,  the  all-ab¬ 
sorbing  desire  of  which  is  wealth.  If  men 
would  but  add  sentiments  of  justice  and  phi¬ 
lanthropy  to  their  greedy  strife  after  money, 
they  would  see,  that  it  is  only  in  Association 
that  their  wishes  can  be  satisfied,  and  that  all 
can  attain  prosperity. 

If  people  would  associate,  economize  and 
apply  their  talents  and  energies  in  a  judicious 
manner,  they  could  produce  wealth  in  abun¬ 
dance,  and  escape  want  and  anxiety ;  whereas 
in  striving  to  wrest  from  each  other  by  fraud, 
over-reaching  and  other  unjust  means  the 
little  that  is  produced  under  the  present  false 


I  and  repugnant  system  of  Labor,  ninety-nine 
out  of  a  hundred  live  amidst  cares  and  per¬ 
plexities,  and  die  in  poverty  and  destitution. 

If  we  descend  to  minute  details,  we  shall 
be  surprised  at  the  immense  saving  which 
!  Association  will  effect — not  only  in  time  and 
\  money,  but  in  useless  and  repulsive  drudgery. 
S  Three  hundred  families  require  at  present 
?  upon  an  average  six  hundred  fires.  In  an 
|  Association  four  or  five  large  fires  only  would 
>  be  necessary,  and  one-twentieth  part  of  the 
\  fuel,  which  is  now  consumed,  would  be  suffi- 
|  cient ;  by  means  of  tubes  or  other  apparatus 
s  the  public  halls,  saloons,  reading-rooms,  li- 
|  brary,  etc.  could  be  warmed,  so  that  a  few 
\  parlor  fires  in  the  private  apartments  only 
\  would  be  required,  which  could  also  be  heated 
\  by  the  same  process,  if  desired.  Here  is  an 
economy  of  nineteen-twentieths  in  fuel,  to 
>  which  is  to  be  added  the  saving  of  a  most  re- 
;  pulsive  drudgery.  Three  hundred  poor  ser- 
j;  vants  must  rise  at  present  every  morning,  even 
\  in  the  depth  of  winter,  to  light  the  fires ;  in 
\  an  Association,  on  the  contrary,  the  large  fires 
>  would  not  be  left  to  go  out  over  night,  so  that 
<  in  the  morning  it  would  only  be  necessary  to 
>  charge  the  furnaces,  which  could  be  done  with 
\  little  trouble  from  properly  constructed  coal 
I  receivers.  The  night  watch  would,  before 
l>  retiring,  attend  to  this  duty.  By  this  means 
]  three  hundred  servants  would  be  saved  one 
\  of  the  most  repugnant  and  dirty  occupations 
j  that  has  now  to  be  performed.  What  can  be 
s  more  revolting  than  to  see  a  female  servant, 
|  shivering  with  cold  on  a  winter’s  morning, 
J  scraping  coals  and  cinders  with  her  bare  hands 
j  from  a  grate  ? 

With  the  present  system  of  isolated  house- 
i  holds,  three  hundred  families  must  devote 
every  week  or  two  a  day  to  washing,  which 
<  amounts  in  the  course  of  the  year,  for  the 
\  three  hundred  families,  to  ten  or  twelve  thou- 
i  sand  days’  work.  Three  hundred  women  have 
\  to  spend,  in  dirty  kitchens  and  over  hot  fires, 

;  one  day  out  of  the  seven  in  toiling  at  the 
\  wash-tub. 

Association  will  avoid  also  this  useless  and 
|  repulsive  drudgery.  It  will  have  a  large 
\  wash-room,  fitted  up  with  every  convenience 
|  and  supplied  with  proper  machinery,  to  which 
\  the  clothes,  collected  and  assorted  once  or 

is  twice  a  month,  will  be  carried  and  put  into 
different  vats,  where  with  the  aid  of  a  clean¬ 
sing  process  used  in  Switzerland,  or  some 
better  wThich  may  be  invented,  they  can  be 
washed,  and  with  scarcely  any  hand-labor, 
far  better  than  they  now  are.  To  do  the 
heavier  and  plainer  kinds  of  ironing,  mangles 
;  or  large  rollers  would  be  used ;  and  to  do  the 
lighter  kinds,  some  groups  of  women  and 
^  girls,  having  a  taste  for  the  occupation,  woul  1 
|  devote  themselves,  as  required,  to  it. 

The  inventive  Genius  of  Man  has  never 

I  been  directed  to  the  constructing  of  machinery 
for  performing  kitchen  and  other  household 
work  upon  a  large  and  economical  scale,  be¬ 
cause  it  has  not  been  required,  and  could  not 
be  used  in  the  isolated  household.  It  is  only 
in  large  Associations,  where  every  thing  would 


18 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION  AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL  ORDER. 


be  done  upon  a  vast  scale,  that  such  machi¬ 
nery  could  be  employed,  and  domestic  labor 
with  its  aid  immensely  abridged. 

Household  work  is  now  carried  on  in  the 
rudest  manner  that  can  be  conceived;  it  is  as 
much  below  what  it  could  be,  as  travelling  in 
scows,  pushed  along  by  poles,  is  below  jour¬ 
neying  in  elegant  steamboats.  Still  the  vast 
majority  of  persons  cling  from  habit  to  the 
isolated  household,  when,  if  they  would  exa¬ 
mine  its  mechanism  with  impartiality,  they 
would  see  that  it  is  the  source,  not  only  of 
waste  and  poverty,  but,  to  a  great  extent,  of 
discord  and  selfishness. 

The  system  of  Isolated  Families  is  the 
foundation  upon  which  all  past  and  present 
Societies  have  been  based.  As  the  system  is 
essentially  defective,  so  are  the  Societies 
which  have  been  founded  upon  it.  We  must 
reform  the  basis  before  we  can  erect  a  good 
superstructure,  or  a  true  Social  Order. 

To  show  the  radical  imperfection  of  the 
system  of  Isolated  Households,  we  will  add 
two  lists  of  defects,  which  it  engenders;  we 
extract  them  from  Fourier.  The  reader  may 
find  some  of  the  criticisms  harsh,  but  the 
strong  prejudices  and  prepossessions  which 
we  have  to  contend  with,  render  them  ne¬ 
cessary. 

Defects  of  the  System  of  Isolated  House¬ 
holds. 

1.  Smallest  possible  Association ; — a  single 
family  without  capital,  credit  or  extended 
relations,  and  often  without  the  necessary  im¬ 
plements  of  Industry. 

2.  Labor  without  rivalry, — prosecuted  alone 
the  entire  day  through,  without  variety  or 
change. 

3.  No  variety  in  occupations ;  no  elegance 
in  the  organization  of  Industry — in  the  distri¬ 
bution  of  the  fields  and  gardens,  in  the  fitting 
up  of  the  manufactories  and  workshops — cal¬ 
culated  to  please  the  Working  Classes. 

4.  No  system  for  developing  the  talents  and 
faculties  of  Children,  and  for  giving  them  an 
industrial  Education. 

5.  Misapplication  of  the  labor  of  Sexes  and 
Ages;  misapplication  of  talents  and  capaci¬ 
ties,  and  bad  adaptation  of  crops  to  soils,  and 
of  cultivation  to  localities. 

6.  Complication  in  labor,  obliging  a  single 
individual  to  execute  every  part  and  detail  of 
a  work. 

7.  Absence  of  Economy  in  hands  and  in 
machinery. 

8.  Reciprocal  frauds  and  larcenies. 

9.  W ant  of  a  just  system  of  Remuneration, 
guarantying  to  all — to  the  Woman  and  the 
Child  as  well  as  to  the  Man — a  share  of  the 
general  Product,  proportioned  to  the  part 
which  each  takes  in  creating  it. 

10.  False  and  anarchical  Competition;  op¬ 
position  of  like  branches  of  busmess  and  in¬ 
dustry,  instead  of  association  and  emulative 
rivalry. 

11.  Separation  of  the  three  primordial 
branches  of  Industry — Agriculture,  Manufac- 


j  tures  and  Domestic  Labor,  which  should  be 
united,  and  prosecuted  combinedly. 

\  12.  Discord,  antipathy  and  distrust  between 

/  the  different  Classes  of  Society,  resulting  from 
i  isolation  and  the  separation  of  all  interests. 

13.  Conflict  of  the  Individual  with  the 
I  Collective  Interest. 

1  The  above  defects  are  mainly  industrial  in 
/  their  character:  those  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing  list  are  more  of  a  moral  and  social 

<  nature. 

<  Second  List  of  Defects  of  the  Present  Do- 

\  mestic  Organization. 

<;  1.  Absence  of  liberty  and  variety  in  Occu- 

i  pations  and  Relations,  which  is  the  primary 
i  source  of  repugnant  Industry. 

\  2.  Absence  of  unity  in  Plans,  and  in  their 

^  execution. 

s  3.  Ruin  of  the  Children  by  the  death  of  the 
Father. 

4.  Inconstancy  of  individuals  in  their  un- 
jj  dertakings,  and  neglect  or  abandonment  of 
I  works  commenced. 

5.  Health  undermined  from  excessive  labor. 

6.  Bad  care  and  early  mortality  of  Children. 

7.  Unjust  partiality  for  Favorites. 

8.  Conflicts  of  heterogeneous  Ages. 

s  9.  Richer  branches  of  families  despising  the 
1  poorer  branches. 

5  10.  Forced  union  of  incompatible  Tastes 

\  and  Characters. 

11.  Hatreds  embittered  by  perpetual  Con- 
i  tact. 

-  12.  Slavery  of  the  Mass  from  the  care  of 

?  large  families. 

113.  Universal  Distrust  and  Selfishness. 

Any  plans  of  reform — any  measures  or  efforts 
which  have  for  their  aim  the  social  elevation 
and  the  happiness  of  Mankind,  and  which  are 
not  based  upon  a  Reform  in  the  system  of 
Isolated  Households  and  the  present  repug • 
nant  system  of  Industry,  will  prove  in  prac- 
tice  abortive  and  useless. 

Politicians  and  Reformers  in  all  sphere: 
have  yet  to  comprehend — for  they  seem  not 
to  be  aware  of  the  fact — that  so  long  as  dis¬ 
union,  anarchy,  strife,  conflict  of  interests, 
fraud  and  injustice,  exist  in  ihe  foundation  of 
Society — that  is,  in  the  household  System  and 
\  in  Industry,  disunion,  anarchy  and  conflict  will 
>  exist  also  in  the  other  departments  of  Society 
\  — in  politics,  religion  and  social  relations.  A 
5  reform  in  Industry  and  in  the  system  of  Iso- 
|  lated  Households  is  the  practical  commence- 
|  ment  of  a  true  social  Reform.  The  moral 
\  and  intellectual  development  of  Mankind  and 
\  their  spiritual  regeneration  cannot  be  effected 
\  so  long  as  their  interests,  efforts  and  aims  are 
<  not  associated  and  harmonized,  and  Industry, 
>  which  is  the  means  by  which  they  secure  to 
|  themselves  temporal  prosperity,  and  by  which 
]  they  subdue  material  Nature,  is  not  rendered 
t  pleasing,  attractive  and  honorable. 

\  They  who  wish  to  introduce  justice,  equal  • 
|  ity,  liberty,  order  and  morality  into  society 
<  and  who  endeavor  to  do  so  by  operating  on 


THE  EDIFICE. 


IS 


the  political  power  or  government,  or  by  re-  f 
commending  merely  good  precepts,  may  be 
compared  to  men  who  are  striving  to  build  j 
the  roof  of  a  house,  before  having  laid  the  i 
foundation.  If  we  wish  to  introduce  those 
great  principles  into  the  social  existence  of 
Mankind,  we  must  first  organize  the  founda¬ 
tion  of  society  rightly — that  is,  the  industrial 
and  domestic  systems.  Until  this  be  done  the  \ 


higher  aims  of  the  enlightened  statesman,  the 
conscientious  reformer  and  the  philanthropist, 
cannot  be  attained. 

To  prove  this  important  point — so  necessary 
to  be  understood — more  clearly,  we  will  add 
a  table  of  Contrasts  between  combined  Indus¬ 
try  and  Association,  and  competitive  Industry 
and  the  system  of  isolated  Households,  and 
the  results  of  the  two. 


GENERAL 

The  Combined  Industry  of  Association  will 

operate — 

1.  By  large  assemblages  of  persons  in  every 
branch  of  Industry. 

2.  By  occupations  of  the  shortest  duration 
and  the  greatest  variety. 

3.  By  the  most  detailed  division  in  labor 
and  functions,  applying  a  group  of  workmen 
to  each  branch  or  detail. 

By  Attraction,  by  Charm. 

RES 

Of  Combined  Industry. 

1.  General  Riches. 

2.  Practical  truth  in  all  relations. 

3.  Real  Liberty. 

4.  Permanent  Peace. 

5.  Equilibrium  of  Climate. 

6.  General  system  for  the  prevention  of 
diseases  which  are  artificially  produced. 

7.  Opening  offered  to  all  ameliorations  and 
improvements. 

General  Confidence. 

Unity  of  Action. 


0  N  T  R  A  S  T. 

The  Competitive  Industry  of  Civilized  So¬ 
ciety  operates — 

1.  By  the  smallest  assemblages  of  persons 
in  works  and  in  households. 

2.  By  occupations  of  the  longest  duration 
and  the  greatest  monotony. 

3.  By  the  greatest  complication,  requiring 
of  a  single  individual  the  execution  of  all  the 
details  of  a  work  or  function. 

By  Constraint,  by  Want. 

L  T  S 

Of  Competitive  Industry. 

1.  Collective  Poverty. 

2.  Fraud  and  Imposition 

3.  Oppression. 

4.  War. 

5.  Derangement  of  Seasons. 

6.  Diseases  artificially  produced,  such  as 
the  plague,  cholera,  yellow  fever,  etc. 

7.  Circle  of  error  and  prejudice,  withou: 
any  opening  for  improvements. 

General  Suspicion. 

Duplicity  of  Action. 


THE  EDIFICE. 


The  Art  which  gives  to  Man  liis  residence  is  the  $ 
first  of  the  Arts — that  around  which  all  the  s 
others  are  grouped,  and  to  which  they  are  su-  < 
bordinate  :  sculpture,  painting,  music,  poetry  ? 
even,  can  only  produce  their  grand  effects,  upon  > 
condition  of  being  harmonized  in  an  architec-  > 
tural  whole.  Architecture  is  the  central  Art,  S 
it  is  the  Art  which  embraces  all  others,  and  s 
embodies  the  whole  artistic  sentiment  of  Hu-  < 
manity.  The  Architecture  of  a  Society  writes  l 
its  history.  V.  Considekant.  > 

What !  is  it  easier  to  lodge  eighteen  hundred  \ 
persons  in  a  noble  man-of-war  floating  on  the  £ 
ocean  a  thousand  miles  from  land,  than  to  lodge  ? 
them  in  one  vast  and  convenient  construction,  ? 
founded  on  solid  earth  and  rock  ?  > 


The  Edifices  of  Association  must  differ  ^ 
very  widely  from  the  dwellings  of  our  present  \ 
Societies,  which  are  suited  only  to  isolated  l 
families,  between  whom  very  few  social  rela-  s 
tions  and  no  concert  of  action  exist.  Instead  < 
of  the  mass  of  separate  little  tenements  which  { 
compose  our  towns  and  villages  and  cover  our  > 
farms,  and  in  which  the  greatest  waste,  in-  \ 
convenience  and  for  the  most  part  deformity,  * 


vie  with  each  other,  an  Association  would 
build  a  large  and  regular  Edifice,  combining 
the  greatest  elegance  and  comfort  with  the 
greatest  economy. 

The  Edifices  of  Association  will  conform  to 
a  certain  extent  to  one  general  plan,  which 
Fourier,  by  long  study  of  the  subject,  has 
deduced  from  the  wants  and  requirements — 
domestic  as  well  as  social,  public  as  well  as 
private — of  Man,  and  which  is  suited  in  every 
way  to  the  individual  and  social  life  of  a  body 
of  eighteen  hundred  persons ;  the  greatest  va^ 
riety,  however,  in  style  and  architecture  will 
exist,  according  to  the  tastes  of  a  people,  cli¬ 
mate  and  location. 

We  will  describe  the  Edifice  of  a  large 
Association  of  eighteen  hundred  persons:  a 
small  Association  will  of  course  be  first  esta¬ 
blished,  but  if  the  reader  has  the  general  plan 
and  arrangement  of  a  large  Association  pre¬ 
sented  to  him,  he  can  form  an  idea  of  the 
Edifice  of  a  small  one,  as  it  is  merely  a  reduc¬ 
tion  from  the  former. 

The  Edifice  should  consist  of  a  centre,  wings 
and  sub-wings,  and  offer  the  greatest  variety 


20 


THE  CORRIDORS  OR  COVERED  COMMUNICATIONS. 


of  form,  and  the  finest  combination  of  masses 
for  architectural  effect. 

The  square  or  oblong  form  should  be 
avoided,  as  it  is  both  monotonous  and  heavy. 
The  centre  of  the  Edifice  should  be  the  most 
striking  and  elegant  part  of  the  building,  and 
would  be  reserved  for  public  purposes  and 
uses. 

From  the  centre,  the  Wings  would  project 
at  right  angles,  and  the  sub-wings  would  fall 
off  to  the  right  and  left  from  the  main  wings. 
The  projecting  wings  and  centre  would  form  a 
spacious  area  or  square,  "where  large  assem¬ 
blages  could  be  held  and  celebrations  take 
place. 

To  avoid  giving  too  great  an  extension  to 
the  building,  it  should  be  three  stories  high, 
and  rest  upon  a  spacious  basement.  In  the 
basement  would  be  located  the  kitchens,  store¬ 
rooms,  some  workshops  and  public  halls,  etc. 

The  centre  of  the  Edifice  will  be  reserved, 
as  we  said,  for  public  purposes ;  it  will  contain 
the  Dining-Halls,  Council-Rooms,  Library, 
Reading-Rooms,  Lecture-Rooms,  Saloons  for 
social  unions  and  the  Exchange.  An  Asso¬ 
ciation,  however  small,  must  have  its  Ex¬ 
change,  where  the  members  can  meet  to  dis¬ 
cuss  their  industrial  interests,  concert  meetings 
of  the  groups  and  series,  and  transact  a  variety 
of  business. 

From  the  centre  of  the  Edifice  will  rise  a 
tower  which  will  overlook  the  Domain,  and 
communicate,  by  signals  and  other  means, 
with  all  parts  of  it.  A  large  and  opulent  As¬ 
sociation  would  have  an  Observatory,  which 
would  be  placed  in  this  tower. 

The  Church  would  be  a  separate  building 
m  order  to  give  it  size ;  it  should  be  situated 
near  the  mam  Edifice  and  communicate  with 
it  by  a  covered  corridor.  In  a  small  Associa¬ 
tion,  the  Church  could  be  incorporated  in  the 
main  building. 

The  Manufactories  and  Workshops,  or  in 
the  language  of  Association,  the  Halls  of 
Industry ,  would  be  located  in  one  of  the  ex¬ 
treme  wings.  In  a  small  Association,  they 
might  be  situated  in  a  separate  building,  as 
the  wings  would  not  be  distant  enough  from 
the  centre  to  prevent  the  noise  from  incom¬ 
moding  the  inhabitants. 

The  public  Halls  would  be  distinct  in  their 
appropriations  for  different  purposes;  they 
would,  with  a  few  exceptions,  consist  of  a 
number  of  contiguous  saloons,  so  as  to  admit 
of  subdivisions  in  all  social  unions,  meetings, 
etc.  A  ball  or  banquet  forms  at  present  but 
one  assemblage,  without  subdivisions:  this 
confusion  will  not  take  place  in  Association ; 
there  would  not  be,  to  choose  the  mode  of 
eating  as  an  example,  one  vast  hall,  where 
all  the  members,  old  and  voung,  would  dine 
together ;  on  the  contrary,  a  large  Association 
would  have  several  public  banquet  halls. 

One  for  persons  extremely  advanced  in  age. 

Two  for  children. 

Three  for  tables  of  the  first  or  cheaper 

price. 

Two  for  tables  of  the  second  or  middle 

price. 


f  One  for  tables  of  the  third  or  higher  price. 
<  These  different  prices  are  established  to 
|  suit  different  tastes,  degrees  of  fortune  and 

I  the  desire  of  economy ;  variety  is  a  source  of 
concord,  when  people  possess  full  liberty  to 
choose  and  the  means  of  doing  so. 

In  a  small  Association,  three  dining-halls 
would  be  sufficient :  one  for  children,  and  two 
for  tables  at  different  prices ;  this  degree  of  va¬ 
il  riety  at  least  should  be  observed.  Adjoining 
|  the  public  saloons,  small  dining-rooms  should 
?  be  fitted  up,  where  parties  or  groups  could 
$  eat  apart  from  the  large  tables.  It  will  hap- 
j  pen  daily  that  parties  of  friends  will  wish  to 
;  dine  by  themselves:  they  can  do  so  in  these 
\  rooms,  where  they  will  be  served  in  the  same 
'/  manner,  and  at  the  same  price  as  at  the  large 
\  tables.  It  will  be  very  little  additional  trouble 
>  to  serve  meals  in  them,  and  as  sueh  a  distri- 
<  bution  of  dining  halls  will  promote  greatly 
t  freedom  of  choice,  and  add  to  individual  liberty 
l  and  comfort,  it  should  not  be  neglected.  Peo- 
I>  pie  can,  if  they  wish,  dine  also  in  their  private 
<  apartments  by  paying  a  small  extra  charge. 

- o - 

THE  CORRIDORS  OR  COVERED  COMMUNICATIONS. 


One  of  the  most  convenient  and  beautiful 
l  features  in  the  material  arrangement  of  the 

>  Edifices  of  Association,  will  be  a  large  and 

<  spacious  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico,  which 

>  will  wind  around  one  entire  front  of  the  build- 

<  ing,  and  will  form  an  elegant  covered  com- 
\  munication,  which  will  lead  to,  and  connect 
\  ail  parts  of  the  Edifice, — the  public  halls  and 
\  saloons,  the  exchange,  reading-rooms,  private 
l  apartments,  halls  of  industry,  etc. 

I  The  Edifice  of  an  Association  may  be  com¬ 
pared  to  a  town  under  one  roof,  and  it  must 
have  an  avenue  or  public  way,  corresponding 
to  a  street,  which  will  form  a  means  of  com¬ 
munication  with  all  quarters  of  the  building ; 
this  avenue  is  the  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico, 
l  which,  in  a  large  Association,  should  be  about 
twenty-four  feet  wide;  by  means  of  it,  the 
|  inhabitants  could,  in  the  depths  of  winter, 
(  visit  each  other,  go  to  parties,  public  assem¬ 
blies,  concerts,  lectures,  etc.  without  knowing 
|  whether  it  snowed  or  rained,  or  whether  it 
l  was  cold  or  blustering. 

\  What  an  advantage,  what  a  source  of  com¬ 
il  fort  it  would  be  to  have,  instead  of  an  open 
?  street,  exposed  to  the  hot  sun  in  summer  and 
jl  to  the  cold  in  winter,  and  which  is  always 
l  either  dusty  or  muddy,  a  spacious  and  elegant 
^  Corridor,  forming,  besides  a  most  convenient 
>  and  comfortable  mode  of  communication,  a 
<;  delightful  place  of  promenade,  a  place  for 
|  exhibitions  of  works  of  Art  and  Industry, 
)  and  useful  for  other  public  purposes!  How 
<j  much  unnecessary  disease  would  also  be 
i  avoided  by  such  covered  communications,  for 
)  we  may  safely  estimate  that  one-half  of  colds, 
|  consumptions,  pleurisies  and  rheumatisms,  is 
\  the  result  of  exposure  and  sudden  changes  ot 
<  temperature !  What  an  economy  also  in  car- 
j  riages  and  in  the  various  means  of  protection. 


THE  EDIFICE. 


21 


such  as  cloaks,  furs,  umbrellas,  overshoes,  ^ 
etc.,  to  which  we  must  now  resort  to  protect  t 
ourselves  against  the  weather  in  going  from  \ 
our  houses  into  open  and  exposed  streets !  If  \ 
people  would  but  reflect  with  impartiality  upon  i 
the  immense  economies,  the  comfort  and  con¬ 
venience,  the  saving  of  time  and  sickness, 
which  would  result  from  the  combined  and 
scientific  system  of  architecture  of  Association,  j 
they  would  be  enthusiastic  in  their  admiration 
of  it,  and  would  condemn  utterly  our  present  j 
defective  and  unhealthy  system  of  building.  \ 
The  Corridor  of  a  large  Association  should  j 
be,  in  the  centre  of  the  Edifice,  about  twenty- 
four  feet  wide,  and  in  the  wings  eighteen.  < 
In  a  small  Association,  such  as  would  be  first 
established,  it  could  be  much  narrower.  It  <: 
would  pass  along  on  a  level  with  the  first  \ 
story  or  on  the  top  of  the  basement,  and  not  \ 
upon  the  ground,  as  some  openings  for  car-  ? 
riages  must  be  left  through  the  basement,  jj 
The  Corridor  could  be  placed  on  the  outside  ) 
of  the  building,  and  the  top  would  form  a  !> 
terrace  for  the  second  story,  or  it  could  be  en¬ 
closed  within  the  outside  walls  of  the  Edifice, 
and  the  roof  would  project  over  it.  In  the 
latter  case,  it  would  be  the  height  of  the  entire 
Duilding — that  is,  three  stories ;  and  the  win¬ 
dows  which  lighted  it  should  be  high  and 
spacious,  like  those  of  a  church.  The  doors 
of  the  public  halls  and  private  apartments 
would  open  upon  it,  as  the  outside  doors  of 
cur  houses  now  open  into  the  street;  flights  \ 


of  steps  would  lead  from  it  to  the  upper  sto¬ 
ries.  In  a  large  and  opulent  Association,  with 
what  elegance  could  its  corridors  be  fitted 
up  !  what  an  ornament  they  would  be  !  and 
what  a  field  for  the  display  of  the  genius  of 
its  artists  ! 

“To  pass  a  winter’s  day,”  says  Fourier, 
“  in  the  Edifice  of  an  Association, — to  visit 
all  parts  of  it  without  exposure  to  the  incle¬ 
mency  of  the  weather, — to  go  to  balls  and 
parties  in  light  dresses  without  being  incom¬ 
moded  by  the  cold,  without  knowing  whether 
it  rained  or  stormed,  would  be  a  charm  so 
new,  that  it  would  be  alone  sufficient  to  render 
our  residences  and  cities  detestable.  If  ail 
Edifice,  like  that  of  an  Association,  were 
erected  in  our  Societies  and  adapted  to  the 
usages  of  the  present  mode  of  living,  the  con¬ 
venience  alone  of  covered  communications, 
warmed  in  winter  and  aired  in  summer,  would 
give  to  it  an  immense  value.  Its  rents,  for 
the  same  quantity  of  space,  would  be  double 
those  of  our  present  houses. 

“  If  the  civilized  World,  after  three  thousand 
years  of  study  and  practice  in  Architecture, 
has  not  yet  learned  how  to  construct  comfort¬ 
able  and  healthy  residences,  it  is  not  very 
surprising  that  it  has  not  learned  how  to  di¬ 
rect  and  harmonize  the  Passions.  When  men 
fail  in  the  smallest  calculations  in  the  mate- 
)  rial  order,  it  is  not  surprising  that  they  shoulr 
fail  in  important  calculations  in  the  moral  o* 
spiritual  order.” 


GROUND  PLAN  OF  THE  EDIFICE  OF  AN  ASSOCIATION. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  GROUND  PLAN. 


A — Avenue  passing  between  the  main  Edi¬ 
fice  and  the  store-houses,  granaries  and  other 
out-houses. 

S — Public  Square,  formed  by  the  centre  and 
projecting  wings  of  the  Edifice. 


i  G — Garden  enclosed  within  the  central 

range  of  buildings;  it  would  contain  the 
green-houses  and  form  a  winter  promenade. 

|  a,  e ,  o,  u — Court-yards  between  the  diffe- 
rent  ranges  of  buildings ;  they  are  about  a 
j  hundred  feet  wide,  ornamented  with  trees  and 
\  Shrubbery,  and  crossed  by  Corridors. 


22 


THE  EDIFICE. 


P,  P,  P— Lame  portals  or  entrances  to  the  l 
Edifice. 

C — The  Church.  \ 

H — A  large  Hall  for  musical  representations  | 
and  festivities.  s 

B,  C,  D,  F — Granaries,  store-houses  and  \ 
other  out-buildings. 

To  avoid  giving  too  great  a  length  to  the  < 
Edifice,  it  must  be  composed  of  a  double  \ 
range  or  line  of  buildings,  encircling  the  $ 
court-yards — 0,  e,  o,  u ,  and  the  garden — G.  j 
The  broad  dark  line  does  not  represent  the 
foundation  walls  of  the  Edifice,  but  the  entire  \ 
width  of  a  range  of  buildings ;  it  is  intended,  j 
together  with  the  light  dotted  line  around  the  i 
inside,  which  is  the  Corridor,  to  represent  a  j 
width  of  seventy-two  feet. 

Around  the  inside  of  the  Edifice  winds  the  \ 
spacious  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico,  which  <; 
we  have  described ;  the  reader  will  see  that  \ 
it  forms  a  belt,  encircling  all  parts  of  the 
building  and  uniting  them  in  a  whole. 

The  ranges  of  buildings  which  enclose  the  \ 
garden — G,  will  be  reserved  for  public  pur-  j 
poses.  They  will  contain  the  Council-Rooms, 
Reading-Rooms,  Library,  Exchange,  Public 
Halls,  Banquet-Rooms,  Saloons  for  parties,  > 
social  unions  and  public  assemblies,  and  some  j 
of  the  higher-priced  Apartments.  < 

The  open  spaces  left  between  the  parallel  \ 
ranges  of  buildings  should  be  from  a  hundred 
to  a  hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide;  they 
would  form  elongated  court-yards,  traversed 
by  corridors,  and  should  be  planted  with  or-  \ 
namental  trees  and  shrubberv  ;  in  Associa- 
tion  the  useful  and  the  beautiful  must  be  in  s 
every  way  combined.  \ 

The  noisy  workshops  would  be  located  in  $ 
the  basement  of  one  of  the  extreme  wings ;  \ 
their  noise  would  be  lost  in  this  distant  part  \ 
of  the  Edifice,  and  would  not  incommode  the  \ 
inhabitants.  j 

Play-grounds  for  children  would  occupy  the 
court-yard  of  the  same  wing;  such  a  place  j 
would  be  necessary,  particularly  in  winter.  $ 

A  portion  of  the  wing  opposite  the  one  de-  ) 
voted  to  noisy  occupations,  would  contain  the  \ 
suites  of  apartments  reserved  for  travellers 
and  visitors. 

The  Edifice  of  an  Association  of  the  largest  \ 
description  would  be  about  twenty-two  bun-  l 
dred  feet  in  length;  with  these  dimensions 
the  grand  square  could  be  twelve,  and  the  j 

wings  each  five,  hundred  feet  long.  As  we 
descend  to  smaller  Associations,  the  size  of  j 
the  Edifice  could  be  much  reduced,  and  for 
an  Association  of  four  hundred  persons,  a 
comparatively  plain  building  would  answer 
the  purpose.  j 

The  gardens  should,  if  practicable,  be  lo-  > 
cated  behind  the  Edifice,  and  not  behind  the  < 
granaries  and  other  out-houses,  near  which  > 
the  fields  of  grain  had  better  be  placed.  This  j 
distribution  must,  however,  be  regulated  by  \ 
localities.  < 

The  square  or  garden — G,  would  be  planted  j 
with  evergreens  and  would  contain  the  green-  s 
houses;  it  could  in  winter  be  enclosed,  so  as  \ 
to  form  a  beautiful  promenade,  where  flowers  \ 


and  foliage  would  charm  the  eye  and  perfume 
the  atmosphere.  What  a  source  of  pleasure 
and  health  would  a  winter  garden  of  this  kind 
be  ! — and  how  many  similar  improvements 
over  the  present  mode  of  living  could  be  in¬ 
troduced  into  Association ! 

Let  Man  apply  the  principles  of  combina¬ 
tion  and  unity  to  Architecture, — to  the  con¬ 
struction  of  his  dwellings,  and  the  greatest 
improvements  in  household  arrangements, — 
affecting  health,  comfort  and  convenience,  can 
be  introduced.  For  instance,  the  Edifice  of 
an  Association  could,  by  means  of  proper  ap¬ 
paratus  connected  with  the  large  kitchen  fires, 
be  warmed  throughout  in  the  most  efficient, 
cleanly,  comfortable  and  economical  manner, 
and  so  as  to  avoid  all  danger  of  conflagrations. 
No  such  convenient,  safe  and  economical 
system  can  be  introduced  into  the  separate 
dwellings  of  isolated  families :  the  same  num¬ 
ber  of  families  that  would  fonn  an  Association 
must  now  incur  the  expense  and  undergo  the 
incalculable  trouble  of  keeping  up  several  hun¬ 
dred  little  fires. 

The  Edifice  could  be  supplied  with  water 
with  equal  convenience  and  economy  :  pipes, 
containing  hot  and  cold  water,  could  be 
conveyed  into  all  the  private  apartments, 
supplying  each  abundantly,  and  with  baths 
in  addition,  if  required.  What  a  source  of 
health  and  cleanliness!  and  what  a  saving 
in  the  complicated  labor  of  carrying  water 
daily  to  all  the  rooms  of  the  Edifice  ! 

This  beautiful  and  economical  system  would 
also  be  introduced  in  the  mode  of  lighting. 
A  small  gas  apparatus,  the  expense  of  which 
would  be  trifling,  could  be  fitted  up,  and  with 
the  refuse  stuff  from  the  kitchens  of  an  oily 
or  greasy  nature,  the  entire  Edifice — its  pub¬ 
lic  halls  and  saloons,  as  well  as  its  private 
apartments  —  could  be  brilliantly  lighted. 
What  economy  in  oil  and  candles,  and  what 
a  saving  of  time  and  trouble  in  cleaning  and 
trimming  daily  hundreds  of  candlesticks  and 
lamps ! 

In  the  isolated  household,  these  and  nume¬ 
rous  other  advantages,  so  important  and  desi¬ 
rable,  and  so  productive  of  economy,  comfort 
and  health,  cannot  be  attained.  So  long  as 
the  present  isolated  mode  of  living  continues, 
waste,  dirt,  drudgery  and  disease  must  neces¬ 
sarily  exist,  and  to  an  immense  extent. 

- o - 

DEFECTS  OF  THE  PRESENT  SYSTEM  OF  ARCHI¬ 
TECTURE,  AND  ITS  SPIRIT. 


The  greatest  defects  and  inconveniences  are 
connected  with  our  separate  dwellings  and 
our  present  mode  of  building.  We  will  point 
out  a  few,  which  will  serve  as  suggestions, 
and  direct  the  reader  in  examining  the  sub¬ 
ject  critically  for  himself. 

Separate  dwellings  are,  first,  very  expensive 
on  account  of  the  immense  number  of  useless 
kitchens,  cellars,  garrets,  internal  and  external 
walls,  chimneys,  fire-places,  cisterns,  sinks. 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


23 


and  other  fixtures,  which  they  require.  (We 
call  them  useless,  because  in  Association  a  few 
large  ones  would  replace  them.)  Second, 
great  cares  and  vexations  are  attendant  upon 
overseeing  and  managing  them,  to  which  are 
to  be  added  the  trouble  and  losses  arising  from 
the  carelessness  and  faithlessness  of  servants. 
Third,  there  are  no  proper  places  and  conve¬ 
niences  for  the  healthy  exercise  and  sports, 
and  the  useful  occupation  of  Children,  and 
they  are,  for  these  and  other  reasons,  entirely 
unsuited  to  them.  Fourth,  there  is  no  conve¬ 
nient  and  economical  mode  of  heating  them, 
and  supplying  them  with  water.  Fifth,  they 
absorb,  in  one  ceaseless  round  of  petty  domes¬ 
tic  cares,  the  time  and  attention  of  Women, 
who  by  this  means  are  debarred  from  taking 
part  in  active  and  productive  pursuits,  and  are 
forced  to  lead  a  confined  life  which  entails 
upon  them  physical  Debility  and  Disease,  with 
their  consequences — lassitude,  fretfulness,  list¬ 
lessness,  melancholy  and  mental  prostration. 
Sixth,  they  are  unhealthy,  as  they  have  no 
covered  communications  to  protect  people 
from  exposure  in  going  from  their  warm 
rooms  into  the  open  air ;  they  are  particularly 
so  in  cities,  where  there  is  not  a  free  circula¬ 
tion  of  air,  and  trees  and  abundant  foliage  to 
purify  the  atmosphere,  and  where  the  mias¬ 
matic  exhalations  of  innumerable  sinks  and 
foul  gutters  must  be  inhaled  by  the  inhabi¬ 
tants.  In  the  country,  on  the  other  hand, 
they  are  lonely  and  solitary. 

As  regards  economy  in  construction,  the 
contrast  between  a  large  and  regularly  planned 
Edifice  of  an  Association  and  a  mass  of  three 
hundred  irregularly  constructed  houses,  is  most 
striking. 

Three  hundred  separate  houses  require  at 
least  a  thousand  unnecessary  walls,  five  or 
six  hundred  chimneys,  twelve  to  fifteen  hun¬ 
dred  fire-places,  stoves  or  grates,  a  thousand 
or  more  stair-cases,  three  or  four  thousand 
little  windows  and  doors,  hundreds  of  pan- 
tries,  coal-vaults,  wells,  cisterns,  sinks,  and 
other  constructions  and  fixtures,  which  cost  in 
the  aggregate  a  vast  amount  and  require  con¬ 
stant  repairs. 

The  Edifice  of  an  Association,  on  the  other 
hand,  would  save  a  great  number  of  walls ;  it 
would  require  but  a  few  large  chimneys,  a 
few  grates  or  fire-places,  and  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  wells,  cisterns,  coal-vaults 
and  similar  fixtures; — its  doors  and  windows 
would  be  large  and  airy,  its  stair-cases  spacious 
and  convenient,  and  while  everything  was 
upon  an  extended  scale  and  beautiful,  it  would 
be  methodical,  economical  and  comfortable. 

They  who  can  divest  themselves  of  the 
prejudices  and  influence  of  habit  and  custom, 
must  perceive  the  immeasurable  superiority 
of  the  combined  and  unitary  system  of  Archi¬ 
tecture  of  Association  over  the  incoherent, 
isolated  and  fragmental  constructions  of  the 
present  social  Order. 

The  Spirit  of  a  Society  is  stamped  upon  its 
Architecture. 

And  what  is  the  Spirit  of  the  Society  in 


i  which  we  live  ?  Look  at  its  architectural 
|  constructions;  they  will  answer  the  question. 

In  its  isolated  little  Dwellings,  well  walled 
|  in,  and  well  secured  by  bolts  and  bars, — you 
!  have  the  symbol  or  typical  designation  of  the 
distrustful,  selfish  spirit  of  the  isolated  family, 
j  exposed  to  danger  and  encroachments  from 
j  without,  and  disassociated  in  interests  with 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

In  its  irregular  and  incoherent  Cities,  with 
;  their  houses  of  all  forms,  sizes  and  colors,  and 
l  of  all  materials  and  modes  of  construction,—  • 
j  you  have  symbols  of  the  separation  and  con- 
|  flict  of  all  interests,  and  the  evidence  of  the  ab- 

>  sence  of  all  unity  and  concert  of  social  action. 

In  its  Jails  and  Penitentiaries,  in  its  Dun- 
5  geons,  Scaffolds  and  Guillotines, — you  have 
$  symbols  of  the  crimes  which  result  from  the 
1  moral  degradation  of  man,  and  the  frightful 
$  perversion  of  the  passions. 

I  In  its  Poor-houses  and  lunatic  Asylums, — 

>  you  have  symbols  of  the  poverty  and  destitution 

<  which  exist,  and  of  the  moral  disease  which 
)  results  from  maddening  violations  of  human 

<  nature. 

<;  In  its  Forts,  Fortifications  and  Navies, — you 
\  have  symbols  of  the  hatreds  and  dreadful 
;  strife  of  nations. 

In  its  confined  and  filthy  Workshops  and 

<  Manufactories, — you  have  symbols  of  the  re- 
\  lentless  and  merciless  spirit  of  gain. 

In  its  dens  of  Drunkenness,  its  Gambling- 

i  houses  and  other  haunts  of  vice,  and,  descend¬ 
ing  into  details,  in  its  Stocks,  Whipping-posts, 
Treadmills,  etc., — you  have  symbols  of  the 
various  degrees  and  shades  of  violence,  dis¬ 
cord,  depravity  and  crime,  which  darken  the 
social  existence  of  mankind. 

Yes,  the  Spirit  of  a  Society  is  stamped  upon 
its  Architecture. 

Do  not  the  inanimate  constructions  which 
surround  us  proclaim  the  want  of  a  new  So¬ 
cial  Order? — Do  they  not  speak  to  us  in  a 
language  not  to  be  misunderstood,  of  the 
falseness  of  Society,  and  the  urgent  necessity 
of  a  great  Social  Reform  ?  And  'when  every 
thing  is  thus  combined  to  prove  the  subver¬ 
sion  of  all  principles  of  truth,  of  order,  of  jus¬ 
tice  and  harmony  in  the  social  World,  why 
cannot  men  of  intelligence  see  it, — see  and  be 
convinced  of  it,  so  that  they  may  labor  to  lift 
Humanity  and  themselves  out  of  the  social 
\  quagmire  in  which,  with  apathetic  resigna- 
5  tion,  they  now  live  ? 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


People  are  apt  to  imagine  that  if  eighteen, 
or  even  four,  hundred  persons  were  to  live  to¬ 
gether  in  one  Edifice — no  matter  how  large 
and  commodious — the  privacy  and  retirement 
of  domestic  life  would  be  destroyed,  and  in¬ 
dividual  liberty  and  independence  lost.  This 
is  a  very  great  error:  domestic  privacy  will 
be  fully  preserved  in  Association,  and  those 
who  love  retirement,  will  be  able  to  enjoy  it 
to  the  full  extent  of  their  desires.  The  charms 


24 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


of  domestic  privacy  and  the  pleasures  of  social  f 
life  must  be  in  every  way  combined.  Man  j 
requires  them  both,  and  with  alternations  l 
from  one  to  the  other,  as  his  feelings  at  dif-  ) 
ferent  times  may  dictate.  i 

As  regards  living  in  one  Edifice,  let  us  ask,  j; 
cannot  a  person  who  has  the  means  of  taking  j 
a  suite  of  rooms  in  a  large  and  well-kept  ho-  s 
tel,  like  the  best  in  our  cities,  and  who  can  \ 
dine  in  his  own  apartments  or  at  the  public  $ 
tables  as  he  wishes,  live  privately  and  enjoy  ; 
quite  fully  the  pleasures  of  domestic  life? 
How  infinitely  superior  is  this  mode  of  living 
to  that  in  which  ninety-nine  hundredths  of 
the  population  now  live !  How  much  prefer¬ 
able  to  inhabiting,  for  example,  lonely  dwell¬ 
ings,  like  our  farmers,  distant  from  neighbors 
and  cut  off  from  the  enjoyments  of  social  and 
public  life — or  to  living  in  confined  and  mise¬ 
rable  tenements  in  cities,  like  the  working 
classes,  harassed  by  all  the  cares,  troubles  and 
vexations  of  the  isolated  household  ! 

The  residence  of  an  Association  would, 
however,  be  infinitely  more  pleasing  and 
agreeable  than  that  of  the  best  managed  ho¬ 
tels.  The  Edifice,  surrounded  by  extensive 
and  beautiful  fields  and  gardens,  would  com¬ 
bine  all  the  advantages,  resources  and  enjoy¬ 
ments  of  city  and  country  life,  and  avoid  the 
disadvantages  of  both. 

It  is  very  true  that  hotels  are  in  many  re¬ 
spects  disagreeable :  they  are  noisy ;  smoking 
and  drinking  are  carried  on  in  them,  and  they 
are  occupied  by  persons  who  for  the  most  part 
are  idle  and  are  strangers  to  each  other,  and 
a  tone  pervades  them  which  is  repulsive  to 
many ;  they  are  besides  entirely  unsuited  to 
children. 

In  an  Association,  on  the  contrary,  all  these 
defects  would  be  obviated:  order  and  quiet 
would  be  maintained  in  those  parts  of  the 
Edifice  appropriated  to  the  private  residences ; 
occupation  would  be  universal,  and  idleness, 
and  the  lassitude  and  vicious  habits  which  it 
engenders,  would  not  exist ;  the  children  would 
be  usefully  and  agreeably  employed,  and  the 
freest  range  for  healthy  sports  and  pleasures 
would  be  provided  for  them,  so  jhat  they  would 
occasion  no  disturbance.  All  these  advantages 
will  give  Association  an  incalculable  superior¬ 
ity  over  all  our  present  modes  of  living — over 
the  hotel  as  well  as  the  isolated  household. 

Besides  the  example  of  hotels,  we  see  per¬ 
sons  of  rank  and  fortune  having  apartments 
and  residing  in  palaces,  like  Windsor  Castle 
or  the  Palac#e  of  the  Tuileries.  Is  the  privacy 
of  domestic  life  destroyed  because  other  per¬ 
sons  are  living  in  the  same  Edifice?  Certainly 
not :  why  then  should  it  be  in  an  Association  ? 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  will 
proceed  to  describe  the  arrangement  of  the  pri¬ 
vate  apartments.  Part  of  the  first  and  most 
of  the  second  and  third  stories  of  the  Edifice 
will  be  reserved  for  the  private  apartments. 
They  will  vary  in  size  and  price  to  suit  single 
persons  or  families,  the  fortunes  of  people  and 
the  desire  of  economy. 

There  would  be  small  apartments  for  single 
persons,  consisting  of  a  single  room  with  an 


alcove,  and  large  apartments,  consisting  of 
parlors,  drawing-rooms,  sleeping-rooms,  a  li¬ 
brary,  etc.  The  rents  would  vary  according 
to  the  size  and  location  of  the  apartments. 
This  variety  must  exist  in  Association  in  order 
to  satisfy  all  tastes  and  different  degrees  of 
fortune ;  if  a  rich  person  wishes  to  economize 
in  rent  and  take  a  small  apartment,  he  can 
do  so ;  and  if  a  person  in  moderate  circum¬ 
stances  is  willing  to  pay  more  for  his  rooms 
and  economize  in  some  other  way,  he  also 
can  do  so. 

Care  must  be  taken  not  to  locate  all  the 
cheaper  apartments  in  one  part  of  the  Edifice. 
There  must  be  a  regular  alternation  of  higher 
and  lower  priced  suites  of  rooms,  so  that  by 
the  side  of  one — the  rent  of  which  is  fifty  dol- 
|  lars  a  year,  there  may  be  located  another,  the 
]  rent  of  which  is  a  hundred  dollars  a  year, — 
thus,  $50—100,  60—120,  80—160, 100—200, 
150 — 300,  in  an  increasing  progression.  This 
\  will  prevent  any  part  of  the  Edifice  from  being 
lowered  in  public  estimation. 

<  The  private  apartments  will  be  separated 
|  by  division  walls,  so  that  no  noise  can  be  heard 
\  from  one  to  the  other.  People  can,  by  this 
|  means,  live  as  isolatedly  in  the  Edifice  of  an 
|  Association  as  they  now  do  in  cities,  where 
\  the  houses  touch,  and  are  separated  only  by 
>  walls.  They  could,  in  fact,  live  more  retiredly 
\  in  Association  than  they  now  can  in  cities. 

|  Individuals,  having  a  taste  for  retirement, 

(i  could  take  apartments  in  one  of  the  extreme 
i  wings  of  the  Edifice ;  they  would  not  be  in- 
$  traded  upon  in  their  rooms,  and  in  the  more 

<  distant  parts  of  the  building,  few  persons  would 
l  be  passing,  so  that  there  would  be  no  noise  or 

<  confusion;  the  windows  of  the  apartments 
i  would  look  out  upon  the  fields  and  gardens, 

\  where  quiet  would  reign,  and  beautiful  scenery 

<  would  greet  the  eye — and  not  upon  the  back 
yards  of  other  houses,  where  the  private  oc- 

<  cupations  of  families  are  seen,  or  upon  narrow 
£  streets,  where  passing  crowds,  the  din  of  carts 
\  and  the  screams  of  street-venders,  confuse  the 

Imind  and  stun  the  ear. 

The  entrances  to  the  private  apartments 
will  be  from  the  large  Corridor,  instead  of 
from  an  exposed  and  dirty  street,  as  at  pre¬ 
sent. 

\  The  private  apartments  will  be  rented  by 
\  the  Council  to  the  members,  and  the  rents 
>  will  be  paid  annually  at  the  time  of  the  ge- 
\  neral  settlement. 

No  restrictions  of  any  kind  will  be  put  upon 
\  individual  liberty :  people  can  rent  such  apart- 
?  ments  as  they  wish,  and  have  their  private 
\  libraries,  collections  of  paintings,  baths,  etc. 
|  in  them  as  they  now  can  in  their  houses; 
|  they  can  give  parties,  receive  the  visits  of 
)  friends  and  enjoy  the  family  circle  as  freely 
|  as  at  present.  The  difference  between  Asso- 
<  ciation  and  the  present  social  order  in  this 
?  respect  is,  that  the  former  will  extend  these 
;  and  other  advantages,  now  limited  to  a  very 
|  few,  to  all ;  and  should  there  be  some  persons 
\  who  cannot  go  to  the  expense,  for  example, 
i  of  private  libraries  or  baths,  there  will  be 
\  public  libraries  and  baths,  which  will  be  open 


TO  ARTISTS. 


25 


to  them,  so  that  not  a  single  pleasure,  enjoy¬ 
ment  or  privilege  will  be  shut  out  from  any 
member  of  an  Association,  no  matter  how 
moderate  his  fortune  may  be. 

- o - 

TO  ARTISTS. 


[We  have  endeavored  throughout  this  pam¬ 
phlet  to  divest  our  descriptions  of  everything 
that  might  appear  overcharged  or  imaginative, 
and  to  confine  them  to  the  most  obvious  and 
practical  views ;  but  before  leaving  the  sub¬ 
ject  of  architecture,  which  throws  open  so  rich 
a  field  to  the  imagination,  we  cannot  refrain 
for  once  from  entering  the  realms  of  ideality, 
and  presenting  to  the  reader  a  glowing  and 
brilliant  sketch  of  the  Architecture  of  the  Fu¬ 
ture.  It  may  appear  extravagant  to,  and  dis¬ 
please  some  minds,  but  it  will  please  others 
— the  ardent  and  enthusiastic,  who  hope  for 
Mankind  a  Destiny  of  grandeur  and  exaltation 
on  this  earth ; — and  as  our  object  is  to  interest 
as  many  persons  as  possible  in  the  great  cause 
for  which  we  are  laboring — the  moral,  in¬ 
tellectual  AND  PHYSICAL  ELEVATION  OF  THE 
Human  Race — we  must  appeal  to  men  of  dif¬ 
ferent  spheres  of  thought  and  sympathy. 

The  sketch  which  we  give,  we  translate 
from  a  beautiful  description  of  the  architecture 
of  Association  by  Victor  Consider  ant,  one 
of  the  first  and  most  ardent  disciples  of  Fou¬ 
rier  and  principal  Editor  of  the  Paris  Phalanx. 
We  extract  it  from  the  part  of  his  description 
in  which  he  appeals  to  Artists.] 

Artists!  Artists!  you,  men  of  brilliant  ima¬ 
gination,  of  hearts  of  poetry,  here  is  a  new 
and  noble  sphere  open  to  you.  What  are  you 
doing  in  this  prosaic  world  ?  do  you  feel  your¬ 
selves  at  ease  in  the  industrial  and  commercial 
society  which  surrounds  you?  What  do  you 
gain  by  imprisoning  your  aspirations  in  its 
stale  and  monotonous  existence  ? 

The  calculated  parsimony  of  the  merchant, 
the  narrow  caprices  of  some  parvenu  of  fi¬ 
nance,  the  strict  economy  of  the  impoverished 
descendant  of  an  antique  race, — all  that  suits 
not  art,  all  that  opens  no  field  to  imagination 
and  conception !  There  is  no  longer  any  source 
of  wealth  but  in  commerce,  and  commerce 
does  not  love  art.  The  money-making — the 
industrial  and  commercial  spirit  of  the  age 
has  smothered  the  genius  of  art.  It  is  dying 
in  lithography.  What  have  you  to  do?  there 
lire  no  more  cathedrals  to  build ;  the  age  calls 
for  no  more  vast  and  noble  constructions,  to 
oe  ornamented  with  statues  and  large  paint¬ 
ings,  to  be  adorned  with  sculptures  and  fres¬ 
coes  ;  there  is  no  more  canvass  to  be  covered, 
no  more  marble  to  be  sculptured.  Our  wood 
and  plaster  constructions,  our  papered  walls 
have  replaced  them  all  ...  . 

Do  you  wish  that  Architecture  should  rise 
again  ?  Bring  forth  anew  the  conditions  which 
encouraged  and  sustained  it  formerly  ;  make 
a  new  concentration  of  the  will  of  Humanity. 

And  it  will  not  be  this  time  a  concentration 

4 


i  operated  around  a  single  point — political  or 
i  religious:  it  will  be  the  powerful  and  harmo- 
nious  fusion  of  all  the  elements  of  the  human 
/  will ;  it  will  be  a  universal  concentration,  a 
\  complete  association  of  all  the  faculties  and 
^  of  all  the  passions ;  it  will  be  Humanity  united 
in  its  force  and  in  its  wholeness ;  and  the  ar- 
<  chitecture  which  will  grow  out  of  this  com- 

>  plete  and  unitary  combination  will,  itself,  be 
\  as  complete  and  unitary. 

It  will  not  be  alone  the  cathedral  or  the 
|  town  hall,  the  college,  the  theatre,  the  city 
or  country  residence,  the  chateau,  the  manu¬ 
factory,  the  exchange,  or  other  of  our  isolated 
constructions.  .  .  It  will  be  them  all  at  once ; 
all  collected,  combined,  united  into  one,  form¬ 
ing  a  whole  with  the  contrasts  and  the  thou¬ 
sand  harmonies  of  a  world  !  Such  will  be  the 
'  architecture  of  the  future. — Compare  the  Pha¬ 
lansteries,  (the  technical  name  given  by  Fou¬ 
rier  to  the  Edifice  of  an  Association,)  compare 
the  cities  and  the  capitals,  deriving  from  the 
\  principle  of  Association — compare  them  with 
5  our  villages,  our  cities,  our  capitals,  deriving 
from  the  principle  of  isolation  and  disunited 
effort :  compare  them  and  pronounce. 

“  But  this  is  too  beautiful,”  say  wondering 
simpletons ;  “  this  is  too  beautiful  and  cannot 
be  realized.  They  are  crazy,  they  who  pre¬ 
tend  it  can;  they  have  been  reading  fairy 
tales.” 

Well,  as  we  are  on  this  subject,  let  us  dis- 

>  cuss  it  for  a  moment.  I  could  prove  rigo- 
|  rously  that  the  Phalansteries  of  a  high  state 

>  of  Social  Harmony — that  the  Phalansteries 
l  growing  out  of  the  opulence  of  the  Combined 
^  Order,  when  that  Order  has  taken  possession 
\  for  some  time  of  the  earth,  will  leave  far  be¬ 
hind  them  in  magnificence,  in  brilliancy,  in 
color,  in  richness,  those  immense  cathedrals, 

\  surcharged  by  a  treble  portal,  with  shafts  and 
|  with  stone  fret-work — those  cathedrals,  every 
\  stone  of  which  was  stamped  with  the  im- 
\  press  of  art,  and  the  windows,  the  arches,  the 
|  columns  and  walls  of  which  were,  on  the  in¬ 
terior  and  exterior,  relieved  by  the  most  lively 
|  colors — vermilion,  gold  and  azure,  vying  in 
j  splendor  with  the  high  altar  and  the  stole  of 
the  officiating  priest. — For  thus  it  was. 

And  behold  the  monuments  with  which 
$  Europe  was  covered  in  three  centuries  !  Be- 
£  hold  what  a  single  principle  of  union  brought 
l  forth  from  amidst  general  disorder !  behold 
|  what  the  religious  sentiment  has  had  the 
power  of  extracting  from  the  midst  of  a  fa¬ 
mished  society  !  If  these  things  have  been 
\  produced  in  the  midst  of  social  chaos,  think 
|  of  the  wonders  which  will  follow  social  har- 
1  mony ;  think  of  it,  and  logic  will  go  farther 

!than  your  imagination,  and  you  will  not  find 
forms  and  colors  enough  to  represent  to  your 
mind  the  bright  and  resplendent  future  of  the 
transfigured  globe. 

The  palaces  of  the  Associations,  artists,  the 
rural  pavilions,  the  kiosks  and  bowers  with 
which  their  rich  fields  will  be  besprinkled, 
the  monumental  cities  and  the  capitals  of  the 
globe — behold,  artists  !  what  is  well  worth 
j  the  prosaic  constructions  and  contracted  an- 


26 


MODE  OF  LIVING  AND  PUBLIC  TABLES. 


cnitectural  works  of  our  societies.  .  .  .  There 
will  be  wanted  bold  arches  uniting  massive 
walls,  cupolas,  towers  and  up-shooting  spires ; 
your  genius  will  be  at  ease  in  those  grand 
lines,  the  forms  and  movements  of  which  you 
will  have  to  combine.  There  will  be  wanted 
portals  to  the  palaces  of  the  Associations,  from 
which  seven  horses  abreast  can  pass  out  with 
ease;  there  will  be  wanted  windows  broad 
and  open,  by  which  the  sun  can  enter  into  the 
house  of  man  to  distribute  liberally  life  and 
color;  there  will  be  wanted  corridors,  bal¬ 
conies  and  terraces,  where  the  population  of 
the  Phalanstery  may  spread  out  and  form 
around  it  bright  garlands  with  its  thousand 
heads  of  women  andjoyful  children.  .  .  There 
will  be  wanted  pictures  on  the  walls  of  its 
corridors  and  saloons,  ornaments  for  its  large 
workshops,  frescoes  for  its  halls  of  the  sacred 
drama,  and  on  its  vaulted  ceilings,  frescoes 
and  sculptures ;  statues  at  its  portals  and  on 
its  large  stair- ways,  statues  on  its  entablatures 
and  among  the  trees  of  its  shady  gardens,  or¬ 
namented  spouts  at  the  angles  of  its  cornices, 
heads  of  bronze  for  its  steam  engines,  marbles 
for  its  basins,  altars  for  its  temples,  and  a 
thousand  works  of  art  to  cover  and  adorn  it 
worthily. 

There,  do  you  see,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
harmonize  water,  fire,  light,  granite,  and  the 
metals:  art  will  have  in  its  large  hands  all 
these  elements  to  combine;  it  will  be  a  cre¬ 
ation  ! 

Then  orchestras  of  a  thousand  parts,  choirs 
of  a  thousand  voices;  hymns  and  poems  sung 
by  masses ;  ballets  danced  by  populations.  .  .  . 
For  the  Combined  Order,  with  its  system  of 
unitary  education,  will  raise  every  man  to  the 
dignity  of  Artist,  and  if  every  man  is  not  a 
poet  or  a  composer,  every  man  at  least  knows 
how  to  execute  his  part  in  the  whole,  each 
man  is  a  note  in  the  great  concert. 

And  who  would  take  upon  himself  to  affirm 
that  God  has  not  given  to  each  one  of  his  chil¬ 
dren  a  head  which  thinks,  a  heart  which 
beats,  ears  which  love  harmony  and  fingers 
to  produce  it,  a  voice  for  song  and  eyes  for 
color,  without  permitting — without  wishing 
that  one  day  all  this  should  be  so.  Say,  ar¬ 
tist  !  say,  poets !  feel  you  not  there  the  destiny 
of  man  ?  Say,  in  all  these  wonders  of  social 
harmony  do  you  not  feel  the  stamp  of  the 
beautiful  and  the  true,  the  type  of  which 
exists  in  your  souls  ?  Say,  is  all  this  false, 
and  is  the  true  to  be  found  in  the  contracted 
and  prosaic  life,  works  and  constructions  of 
the  present — in  the  narrow,  trading  spirit,  in 
the  conflicts  and  discords  of  civilized  society? 
Say,  does  not  this  suit  your  imaginations  and 
your  hearts  better  than  a  pyramid  of  Egypt, 
built  by  a  people  fed  on  onions  and  crushed 
under  the  weight  of  stones,  or  the  palace  of  a 
Nero,  or  even  the  column  of  Vendome,  built  of 
bronze  that  kills  in  battles  ?  Yes,  yes,  it  is  the 
destinv  of  Humanity  to  be  rich  and  happy,  to 
embellish  its  planet,  to  make  it,  with  the  thou¬ 
sand  rich  and  varied  creations  upon  it,  a  resplen¬ 
dent  dress  which  will  not  render  it  ashamed 
in  the  celestial  ball,  where  it  occupies  in  the 


luminous  round  the  place  of  honor  beside  the 
sun !  Yes,  when  Humanity  will  move  in  its 
power  and  live  according  to  its  law,  we  shall 
see  many  other  wonders  developed  under  the 
influence  of  human  power  combined  with  the 
vivifying  power  of  the  globe,  and  what  I  have 
said  is  but  poverty  and  littleness  .  .  .  The  des¬ 
tiny  of  man  is  there,  onward ! 

But  let  us  stop  ...  I  forget  that  these  words 
are  pronounced  in  a  world  of  pain  and  misery, 
where  six  thousand  years  of  suffering  have 
blighted  the  hearts  of  men  and  dried  up  in 
them  all  sources  of  hope.  Evil  has  infiltrated 
itself  into  the  very  marrow  of  their  bones, 
and  has  consumed  even  desire.  All  the  dreams 
— all  the  hopes  of  the  future  are  limited  at 
present  to  the  conquest  of  a  cheap  government , 
administered  according  to  the  constitution  /  ... 
Let  us  stop. 

- o - 

MODE  OF  LIVING  AND  PUBLIC 
TABLES. 


We  must  adapt  Society,  in  all  its  architectural, 
social  and  domestic  arrangements,  to  the  de¬ 
mands  and  requirements  of  human  Nature,  and 
respect  individual  Liberty  to  the  fullest  extent ; 
and  not  endeavor  to  adapt  human  Natuie,  by 
constraint  or  violence,  to  arbitrary  rules  and 
regulations,  and  a  false  organization  of  So 
ciety. 


Association  will,  in  the  mode  of  living, 
avoid  all  confused  minglings  of  persons  on  the 
one  hand,  and  monotonous  uniformity  on  the 
other:  it  will  secure  to  every  person  perfect 
liberty,  and  the  choice  of  the  privacy  of  do¬ 
mestic  life  and  the  sociability  of  public  life, 
with  changes  from  one  to  the  other,  as  the 
feelings  may  dictate. 

It  will,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  the  in¬ 
habitants  of  an  Association  will  all  eat  toge¬ 
ther  at  one  common  table;  this  is  a  great 
mistake.  Association  will  avoid  any  such 
monotony  or  sameness;  it  will  combine  va¬ 
riety  with  order  and  refinement,  and  will 
establish  as  great  a  diversity  in  its  domestic 
and  social  arrangements  as  there  are  diver¬ 
sities  of  tastes  and  inclinations  in  men,  so  as 
to  open  the  broadest  field  to  individual  liberty 
and  the  freedom  of  choice. 

If  we  were  to  seat  all  the  members  of  an 
Association  at  one  common  table,  we  should 
be  certain  of  displeasing  them  at  the  end  of  a 
week.  The  Combined  Order  must  offer  to 
every  person,  first,  the  privilege  of  dining  at 
the  public  tables,  in  the  small  dining-rooms 
adjoining,  or  in  his  own  apartments ;  second, 
the  choice  of  company  and  changes  of  com¬ 
pany  ;  third,  the  choice  of  a  cheaper  or  dearer 
mode  of  living,  as  fortune  or  the  desire  of 
economy  may  require  or  dictate. 

Man  dislikes  uniformity ;  he  is  only  satisfied 
when  the  greatest  variety  exists,  and  he  pos¬ 
sesses  the  right  and  libertv  of  following  his 
tastes  and  inclinations.  People  possess  at 
present  scarcely  any  liberty  of  choice,  and  very 
little  variety  in  their  mode  of  life ;  they  have 
but  the  uniformity  of  the  isolated  household. 


MODE  OF  LIVING  AND  PUBLIC  TABLES. 


27 


except  occasional  parties  and  the  interchange  t 
of  the  visits  of  friends,  and  this  general  uni-  j 
formity,  together  with  the  forced  union  of  l 
uncongenial  or  antipathetic  characters,  render  ^ 
life  but  too  often  a  scene  of  fatiguing  mono-  } 
tony,  of  dissatisfaction,  contention  and  suf-  i 
fering.  j 

In  a  large  Association,  there  will  be  tables  < 
at  three  different  prices :  in  a  small  Associa-  j; 
tion,  tables  at  two  different  prices  may  be  1 
sufficient,  although  the  greatest  variety  in  this  ?? 
respect  is  desirable.  There  will  be  large  dining  i 
halls  for  the  different  priced  tables,  and  by  the 
side  of  these  large  halls,  there  will  be  small  > 
dining-rooms,  handsomely  fitted  up,  where  j 
parties  of  friends  can  dine  by  themselves.  By  ij 
this  arrangement,  a  pleasing  variety  will  be  jj 
offered  to  the  members,  and  every  one  can  \ 
choose  his  company  and  vary  it  as  he  may  s 
desire.  Besides  this  variety,  which  is  infi-  ? 
nitely  greater  than  that  now  enjoyed  by  the  s 
rich  even,  families  can  take  their  repasts  in  j 
their  private  apartments — in  which  case,  how¬ 
ever,  they  will  have  to  pay  a  slight  additional 
charge,  as  an  additional  trouble  and  expense 
vvill  be  incurred.  s 

The  mode  of  living  in  Association  will,  as  j 
we  see,  guaranty  perfect  freedom  of  choice ; 
and  individual  Liberty,  instead  of  being  re-  j 
stricted,  will  be  greatly  extended.  So  far  from  f 
there  being  any  confused  minglings,  forced 
contacts  or  monotonous  uniformity,  that  va-  > 
riety  will  exist  which  will  allow  of  the  nicest  $ 
discriminations  and  selections,  according  to  << 
tastes  and  feelings.  Persons  can  dine  in  ji 
public  or  private, — at  the  large  tables,  in  the  \ 
small  rooms  adjoining,  or  with  their  families  j> 
in  their  own  apartments;  they  can  dine  one  < 
day  with  one  set  of  friends,  another  day  with  > 
another  set ;  they  can  invite  or  be  invited,  and  < 
enjoy  the  Privacy  of  domestic  life  or  the  Socia-  > 
bility  of  public  life,  precisely  as  may  suit  their  i 
tastes  and  inclinations ; — and  this  liberty  will  \ 
exist  for  all  without  exception.  > 

This  Variety  may  displease  some  persons  < 
who  have  been  drilled  into  the  Monotony  of  > 
our  present  mode  of  life,  and  they  will  be  j 
ready  to  exclaim  against  it,  as  they  were  be-  j 
fore  ready  to  exclaim  against  the  idea  of  all 
eating  together  at  one  common  table,  but  in 
spite  of  present  prejudices  and  habits,  Asso¬ 
ciation  must  observe  two  rules :  it  must  put 
no  restrictions  upon  individual  liberty,  where 
that  liberty  does  not  degenerate  into  license,  \ 
or  annoy  others ;  and  it  must  avoid  in  every 
way  sameness  and  constrained  contacts. 

Some  advocates  of  absolute  Equality  will 
object  to  tables  at  different  prices;  their  radi-  < 
calism  misleads  them :  unless  we  can  establish  > 
a  perfect  Equality  of  fortunes  and  Uniformity  ] 
of  tastes,  there  must  be  different  priced  tables,  \ 
apartments,  etc.,  and  variety  in  the  general 
mode  of  life.  The  tables  will  not,  however,  \ 
vary  greatly  in  price,  and  the  cheaper  ones  ;> 
will  be  supplied  with  all  that  the  Association  < 
produces,  so  that  there  will  be  very  little  dif- 
ference  in  the  fare.  If  a  wealthy  person  wishes  \ 
to  economize,  and  dine  at  the  cheaper  tables,  ? 
he  can  do  so;  and  if  a  person  in  moderate  { 


circumstances  prefers  expending  more  for  his 
living  and  economizing  in  some  other  way,  he 
will  possess  the  same  liberty.  There  will  he, 
besides,  a  constant  interchange  of  invitations 
between  members  dining  at  the  different  ta¬ 
bles,  so  that  the  difference  of  prices  will  pro¬ 
duce  no  inequality  and  establish  no  difference 
of  classes.  A  principal  object  of  this  arrange¬ 
ment  is  variety,  without  which,  freedom  in 
the  choice  of  company  and  social  relations  is 
impossible. 

When  Association,  with  its  vast  Economies 
and  its  system  of  attractive  Industry,  becomes 
general,  and  its  powerful  means  of  production 
are  properly  applied,  fortune  or  an  abundance 
will  be  secured  to  all,  and  the  scourge  of  poverty 
will  no  longer  exist ;  and  when  Man  is  mo¬ 
rally  and  intellectually  elevated,  and  high  and 
noble  Pursuits  engage  his  attention,  instead  of 
the  present  grovelling  Strife  after  money,  then 
the  mere  possession  of  riches  will  not  confer 
rank  and  distinction  as  at  present ;  genius,  ta¬ 
lent,  natural  character,  useful  services,  and 
proficiency  in  Industry  and  the  Arts  and  Sci¬ 
ences,  will  be  the  avenues  to  honor  and  con¬ 
sideration  in  Association. 

What  a  contrast  would  there  be  between 
the  mode  of  living  in  Association  and  the  pre¬ 
sent  Social  Order !  How  do  the  vast  majority 
now  live  ?  They  eat  in  the  same  way,  and 
with  little  or  no  variety  in  food  or  company, 
day  after  day  the  year  through ;  they  see 
their  wives  obliged  to  drudge  continually  in 
miserable  little  kitchens  and  at  a  round  of 
menial  labor:  there  is  no  elegance  in  their 
houses,  furniture  or  other  objects,  which  sur 
round  them ;  the  kitchen  and  parlor  are  often 
one,  and  they  are  frequently  without  a  suffi¬ 
ciency  of  the  poor  food  upon  which  they 
subsist.  So  live  the  mass  in  their  isolated 
Households  in  civilized  Society,  and  they  who 
uphold  this  system  of  things,  fear  that  in  As¬ 
sociation  the  Individual  will  be  merged  in 
the  Mass,  and  the  liberty  and  dignity  of  Man 
will  be  lost : — how  prejudice  can  blind  people  ! 

The  Rich,  who  can  employ  servants  to  do 
their  household  and  menial  work,  and  escape 
the  drudgery  of  domestic  Labor,  are  of  course 
better  off;  but  after  all  how  monotonous, — 
often  how  discordant  and  miserable  is  their 
life  in  the  isolated  Household,  and  what  du¬ 
plicity  is  often  resorted  to  in  order  to  present 
to  the  world  an  exterior,  which  gives  the  lie 
to  the  private  reality ! 

The  mechanism  of  Association  will,  in  every 
ivay,  be  adapted  to  Man,  and  secure  to  him 
the  fullest  personal  liberty.  They  who  love 
privacy — can  dine  in  their  own  apartments ; 
they  who  love  sociability — at  the  public  ta¬ 
bles;  they  who  wish  the  exclusive  company 
of  friends— in  the  small  dining  rooms; — and 
with  changes  and  alternations  as  the  feelings 
may  prompt.  There  is  no  legitimate  taste  or 
desire,  whether  temporary  or  permanent,  that 
cannot  be  satisfied ;  and  all  these  advantages 
will  be  enjoyed  without  the  care,  the  trouble 
and  the  expense  of  the  isolated  household. 
And  as  it  is  in  the  mode  of  living,  so  is  it  in 


28 


IMAGINARY  OBSTACLES  TO  ASSOCIATION. 


the  selection  of  pursuits  and  occupations,  in 
the  choice  of  pleasures  and  social  relations, 
and  in  all  things  else  in  every  sphere  of  life. 

There  will  be  no  tyranny  or  dictation — no 
control  of  the  individual  by  the  individual — 
no  disciplining  by  monastic  rules  and  regula¬ 
tions — no  violation  of  individual  will  for  the 
pretended  good  of  the  community — no  subjec¬ 
tion  of  man  to  arbitrary  systems ; — but  liberty 
and  independence — the  satisfaction  of  all  le¬ 
gitimate  tastes  and  inclinations,  with  variety 
and  change  in  order — unrestricted  personal 
freedom,  when  it  does  not  degenerate  into 
license — free  choice  in  occupations  and  social 
relations — no  sacrifice  of  the  individual  to  the 
mass — and  adaptation  of  the  social  Organiza¬ 
tion  to  Man. 

- o - 

IMAGINARY  OBSTACLES  TO  ASSO¬ 
CIATION. 


Unity  of  Interests — Unity  of  Education — Unity 
of  habits  and  manners,  are  the  foundation 
upon  which  Social  Concord  and  Harmony  must 
be  based. 


When  the  idea  of  Association  is  discussed, 
a  majority  of  persons  feel  towards  it,  at 
first,  instinctive  dislike ;  the  idea  of  forming 
any  close  connection  with  their  fellow-men,  is 
repulsive  to  them.  Let  us  explain  some  of 
the  causes  of  this  prejudiced  feeling,  and  show 
that,  as  it  is  the  result  of  false  social  in¬ 
fluences,  it  is  ill-founded  and  may  be  removed, 
and  in  its  place  a  true  and  noble  sentiment  of 
Union  and  Brotherhood  awakened. 

1st.  Wherever  there  are  assemblages  of  per¬ 
sons  at  present,  we  find  either  strict  discipline , 
as  in  armies,  monasteries  and  manufactories ; 
or  rude  disorder,  as  at  public  meetings,  elec¬ 
tions  and  in  mobs.  As  strict  discipline  and 
rude  disorder  are  both  repulsive  to  the  human 
feelings,  and  as  people  imagine  erroneously 
that  one  or  the  other  must  exist  in  Association, 
they  recoil  with  an  instinctive  aversion  from 
such  contacts,  and  cling  to  the  privacy  of  the 
isolated  household. 

2d.  Free  Competition  in  Trade  and  Indus¬ 
try,  and  the  envious  rivalry,  opposition,  over¬ 
reaching,  fraud  and  injustice  to  which  it 
gives  rise,  engender  endless  misunderstand¬ 
ings,  quarrels  and  discords  among  men ;  hence 
repugnant  feelings  and  antipathies  are  aroused, 
and  it  appears  impossible  to  them  to  associate 
and  live  in  peace  and  union  together.  But~ 
free  competition — that  selfish  strife  or  war  in 
Commerce  and  Industry  which  now  exists — 
will  be  replaced  in  Association  by  Unity  of 
Interests  and  Concert  of  Action,  and  as  man 
is  a  social  being,  he  will,  when  the  causes  of 
discord  and  disunion,  which  now  divide  So¬ 
ciety,  are  done  away  with,  regard  Association 
as  the  true  order  of  Society. 

3d.  The  Mass  are  now  poor,  dependent,  and 
have  too  many  favors  to  ask — which  render 
close  contacts  disagreeable.  The  want,  also, 
of  refinement  in  habits  and  manners  among 
them,  repels  the  more  polite  and  educated, 


!  who  think  of  Association  only  as  an  order  of 
j  things  in  which  they  will  be  brought  into 
j  contact  with  the  poor  and  unrefined.  But  the 
J  Mass  will  be  rendered  independent  in  Asso- 
j  ciation,  by  its  system  of  combined  attractive 

[Industry,  and  will  be  refined  and  elevated  by 
the  social  advantages  which  they  will  enjoy. 

4th.  Differences  in  the  tastes,  habits,  man¬ 
ners  and  customs  of  people — resulting  from 
the  isolation  in  which  they  live  and  differ¬ 
ences  of  education — and  the  coarseness,  bru- 
talitv,  drunkenness  and  other  defects  and  vices, 

I  which  exist  unfortunately  to  such  an  extent 
at  present,  render  the  society  of  individuals  in 
a  vast  many  cases  obnoxious,  loathsome,  and 
often  perfectly  insupportable  to  each  other. 
These  features  of  a  false  Society  will  not 
$  exist  in  Association,  for  there  a  system  of 
>  Universal  Education — one  and  equal  for  all — 
i  and  a  high  standard  of,  and  unity  in,  habits, 

'>  manners  and  morals,  will  be  established. 

5th.  Society  is  now  split  up  into  numerous 
j  sects  and  parties  in  Church  and  State,  and 
l  party  and  sectarian  Dissensions  add  to  the 
i  flames  of  discord  and  disunion,  and  make  con- 
<  cord  and  unity — and  consequently  association, 

|  appear  utterly  impossible.  The  want,  also, 

\  of  a  true  standard  of  Morality,  based  upon  a 
\  scientific  knowledge  of  Human  Nature,  and 
]  comprehensive  enough  to  embrace  all  the  spi¬ 
ritual  Phenomena  of  man,  gives  rise  to  reci¬ 
procal  criticisms  and  condemnations  of  tastes, 
j  inclinations  and  manifestations  of  passion,  and 
l  increases  the  repellant  forces  at  work  in  so- 
|  ciety. 

6th.  The  long  continuance  of  depravity,  vice 
|  and  crime  upon  the  earth,  leads  people  to 
suppose  that  they  are  inherent  in  the  Nature 
of  Man,  and  will  always  exist ;  they  believe 
]  that  these  characteristics  of  past  and  present 
|  Societies  can,  under  no  circumstances,  be  era- 
<  dicated,  and  that  they  will  be  transferred  into 
Association.  The  idea  of  coming  in  contact 
<  with  vicious  and  depraved  beings,  excites  ab- 
\  horrence,  and  Association  is  condemned  from 
\  an  idle  fear,  which  has  no  foundation  in 

I  reality. 

The  error  of  the  World — and  a  groundless, 
superficial  one  it  is — is  to  suppose  that  these 
innumerable  causes  of  Discord  and  Division, 
which  now  separate  men  and  repel  the  idea 
and  desire  of  Union  and  Association,  are  im- 

I  mutable  and  eternal,  and  can  under  no  Order 
of  things,  and  with  the  aid  of  no  new  social 
Combinations,  be  removed.  Men  are  without 
Hope  for  the  future — without  Faith  in  man: 
firm  in  the  belief  that  what  is,  always  will  be, 

I  and  that  what  has  not  been,  never  can  be, 
they  live  under  the  dominion  of  blighting  pre¬ 
judice — of  a  fatal  resignation  to  evil,  which 
kills  desire  and  paralyzes  action. 

An  Examination  into  the  doctrines  of  Asso- 
|  ciation  will  show  that  all  the  objections  which 
<  may  be  urged  against  it,  are  imaginary  and 
j  groundless,  and  arise  from  a  want  of  under- 
j:  standing  of  the  subject,  and  false  conceptions 
\  regarding  the  nature  of  man  and  social  des- 
<  tiny.  The  error  which  the  world  nowenter- 
[  tains  so  generally  that  Selfishness  and  Social 


ELEVATION  AND  REFINEMENT  OF  THE  MASS. 


29 


Discord  are  natural  and  unchangeable,  and  1 
that  good  Will  among  men  and  Social  Har-  j 
rnony  are  impossible,  will  be  dissipated: —  \ 
with  the  universal  education,  the  universal  j 
independence  and  elevation,  which  the  Com¬ 
bined  Order  will  secure  to  mankind — will  j 
come  new  social  feelings,  a  new  faith  and  > 
new  views  upon  all  subjects.  \ 

\  t 

- o -  | 

ELEVATION  AND  REFINEMENT  OF  \ 
THE  MASS.  ^ 


The  error  which  the  World  commits  is  to  judge  S 
Man  as  he  is  found  in  our  false  Societies— sunk  ( 
in  poverty,  ignorance  and  dependence,  and  his  ? 
nature  perverted  or  degraded.  We  must  se-  > 
parate  him  from  the  condition  in  which  he  i 
now  appears — separate  the  perversions  of  his  < 
Passions  and  Faculties  from  their  real  essence,  l 
their  true  nature — and  study  him  as  he  comes  ) 
from  the  hands  of  God,  uncorrupted  by  the  5 
false  social  influences  which  surround  him  on  1 
eveiy  side  from  birth  to  death.  In  the  undeve-  s 
loped  beings  which  surround  us,  we  no  more  < 
see  true  Humanity — the  real  Man,  than  we  ? 
see  in  the  rough  block  of  marble  the  beautiful  > 
statue  w'hich  may  be  sculptured  from  it.  j 

Whenever  the  subject  of  Association  is  j 
broached,  the  sensitive  imaginations  of  people  j 
— of  “  sterling  Democrats”  even — are  haunted  \ 
with  visions  of  degrading  alliances  and  mean  \ 
intercourse :  their  sensibility  is  shocked  at  the  \ 
idea  of  association  with  those  whom  chance  j 
has  placed  in  an  humbler  sphere  of  life  than  \ 
themselves.  Although  this  exclusive  sensi-  \ 
tiveness  does  not  sit  very  well  upon  the  shoul-  j 
ders  of  men  professing  principles  of  “  Demo-  <; 
cracy  and  Equality,”  we  can  forgive  the  \ 
inconsistency  between  their  doctrines  and  \ 
practice,  because  it  originates  in  a  true  senti-  \ 
ment,  if  they  did  not  blindly  attempt  to  sus-  { 
tain  their  prejudices  against,  their  humble  \ 
fellow-men,  by  crediting  the  monstrous  dogma  \ 
that  “  one  portion  of  the  Human  Race  were  \ 
made  for  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  wa-  \ 
ter  for  another  portion,”  or  in  other  words,  j 
that  the  great  majority  of  Mankind  must  be  j 
sunk  in  Poverty  and  Ignorance,  and  condemned 
to  a  repugnant  round  of  toil  and  drudgery  to  i 
minister  to  the  ease  and  enjoyment  of  a  fa¬ 
vored  few. 

As  we  said,  we  could  tolerate  and  forgive 
the  injustice  of  the  sentiment  of  exclusiveness,  j 
if  it  was  placed  simply  upon  the  ground  of  the  j 
true  and  natural  instinct  of  a  cultivated  mind  j 
to  shrink  from  the  contact  of  that  which  is  $ 
coarse,  rude  or  vulgar;  hut  when  it  is  at-  \ 
tempted  to  shelter  it  under  the  monstrous  \ 
falsehood  that  the  Mass  can  never  be  elevated  j 
and  refined,  and  that  they  were  made  to  be  f 
drudges,  we  cannot  help  denouncing  it  in 
terms  which  such  ignorance  and  selfish  pride 
deserve. 

But  as  we  are  not  disposed  to  waste  time  > 
and  space,  we  will  confine  our  remarks  to  > 
plain  reasoning,  to  satisfy  sincere  and  unpre¬ 
judiced  minds  that  there  is  nothing  to  fear  in  j 
Association  from  a  contact  with  coarse,  ig¬ 
norant  and  vulgar  persons,  while  in  the  pre-  \ 


sent  state  of  society  this  contact  is  constant 
and  unavoidable. 

It  is  a  mistaken  idea  of  People  to  suppose 
that  in  Association  there  will  be  an  indiscri¬ 
minate  herding  of  all  sorts  of  persons  in  one 
establishment,  without  any  regard  to  moral 
or  personal  fitness,  and  that  then,  because 
there  exists  social  equality,  there  will  be  re¬ 
pugnant  connexions. 

W e  know  perfectly  well  that  Association, 
when  its  immense  advantages  are  once  proved 
by  practical  experiment,  will  spread  most  ra¬ 
pidly  ;  still,  in  the  formation  of  Associations, 
People  will  come  together  from  various  cir¬ 
cumstances  of  equality  and  similarity  in  con¬ 
dition, —  such  as  Fortune,  Rank,  religious 
Opinions,  etc.,  and  in  no  case  is  it  contem¬ 
plated  to  mar  the  comfort  and  harmony  of  a 
Community  by  the  introduction  of  gross  in¬ 
congruities  of  character,  habits  and  manners. 

The  great  body  of  Mankind  are  uneducated, 
and  coarse  in  body  and  in  mind ;  it  will  be  the 
work  of  time  to  elevate  them  to  a  standard  in 
Manners  and  Intelligence,  that  will  fit  them 
for  refined  social  intercourse.  But  Association, 
with  its  superior  system  of  Education,  its  sys¬ 
tem  of  honorable  Industry,  and  other  means 
of  improvement  and  refinement,  will  elevate 
rapidly  the  Mass,  and  the  first  Generation 
born  and  brought  up  in  Association  will  have 
cast  off  all  traces  of  the  ignorance,  coarseness 
and  vulgarity  now  entailed  by  a  false  Society 
upon  the  multitude. 

We  are  well  aware  that  in  the  mean  time, 
social  Equality  cannot  be  established  between 
a  low  and  ignorant  population,  and  refined  and 
intelligent  persons.  The  favored  Classes  will, 
as  soon  as  Association  is  established,  make  it 
their  pride  and  ambition  to  provide  the  means 
for  the  gradual  Elevation  of  their  less  favored 
fellow-men,  but  they  will  not  be  called  upon 
to  sacrifice  their  feelings  and  comfort  in  pro¬ 
miscuous  association. 

We  have  made  these  general  remarks  to 
show  that  people  need  not  fear  that  Associa¬ 
tion  will  disturb  all  their  notions  of  propriety 
in  social  intercourse  by  thrusting  them  among 
a  rude  and  heterogeneous  Mass. 

If  then,  in  the  organization  of  the  first  As¬ 
sociations,  people  of  Taste  and  Refinement 
have  nothing  to  fear  from  the  contact  of,  and 
intercourse  with,  Ignorance  and  Vulgarity, 
they  need  have  nothing  to  fear  for  the  future. 

No  one  will  be  fool-hardy  enough  to  deny 
that  the  thorough  education,  the  enjoyment  of 
worldly  comforts,  the  freedom  from  care,  de¬ 
pendence  and  harassing  toil,  and  the  other 
advantages  which  Association  will  secure  to 
all,  will  soon  change  the  Character  of  the 
rising  generations,  and  make  them  fit  asso¬ 
ciates  for  the  most  timid  of  our  exclusives, 
who  are  now  afraid  of  contaminating  inter¬ 
course.  The  least  reflection  must  satisfy  us 
that  independence,  education,  intellectual  de¬ 
velopment,  moral  training,  enjoyment  of  the 
arts  and  sciences,  and  extended  social  inter¬ 
course,  are  only  necessary  to  elevate  the  whole 
Human  Race  to  that  noble  standard  which 
God  intended  they  should  attain. 


30 


SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


As  a  proof  that  the  Mass  can  be  elevated  to 
a  high  standard  of  refinement  and  intelligence, 
we  have  but  to  remember  that  the  polished 
and  aristocratic  Classes  of  Europe'  are  de¬ 
scendants  of  the  rudest  and  most  barbarous 
Ancestors.  How  many  of  the  Generals  and 
Marshals  made  by  Napoleon  rose  from  the 
peasantry,  who,  without  the  opening  offered 
them  by  the  French  Revolution,  would  have 
remained  rude  and  uncultivated  boors?  As¬ 
sociation  will  be  a  new  and  grand  opening  for 
all  Mankind ! 

Bur  without  going  so  far  for  our  proofs,  let 
us  look  around  in  our  own  Country.  We  find 
that  many  of  the  first  families  are  descendants 
of  the  dregs  of  European  populations,  a  por¬ 
tion  of  whom  were  transported  to  settle  the 
early  Colonies.  Look  at  our  first  Men, — look 
at  the  Leaders  of  the  fashionable  circles  in 
our  cities;  many  of  them,  who  make  the 
greatest  pretensions  to,  and  who  really  pos¬ 
sess  refinement  and  intelligence,  are  removed 
but  one  generation  from  persons  who  filled 
the  humblest  walks  of  life — tailors,  shoe¬ 
makers,  hostlers,  hucksters,  etc. ;  and  if  so 
much  has  been  done  to  elevate  and  refine 
people  in  so  short  a  time,  under  circumstances 
which  were  not  the  most  favorable,  what 
may  not  be  expected  from  Association  in  its 
effect  upon  the  rising  generation,  when  with¬ 
out  exception  every  Child  will  receive  a  supe¬ 
rior  practical  and  scientific  Education — will 
be  blessed  with  Plenty  to  supply  its  physical 
nature,  with  Attractive  Industry  to  strengthen 
and  invigorate  its  frame,  and  with  all  the  in¬ 
fluences  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  of  pleasing  and 
extended  social  Relations,  to  refine  and  elevate 
its  mind  ? 

When  the  Mass  are  thus  elevated  to  the 
noble  standard  of  true  Humanity,  when  a  high 
tone  is  given  to  the  feelings — and  moral  and 
intellectual  elevation  is  secured  to  all,  who 
then  can  fear  that  their  “  respectability”  will 
suffer  from  a  contact  with  them  ? 

And  after  all,  what  is  the  Elevation, — the 
Respectability  of  our  false  Societies  ?  It  is  a 
tame  and  enervating  refinement,  which  rises 
scarcely  above  a  little  delicate  nervousness  of 
body — soft  and  effeminate  manners — affected 
politeness  and  sickly  sentiment;  it  is  the  ex¬ 
clusiveness  of  pride  without  merit ;  the  low 
ambition  and  anti-social  spirit  of  caste  without 
real  dignity.'  All  this  is  destined  to  sink  into 
utter  insignificance  before  the  elevated  senti¬ 
ments  and  manners  to  which  Association  will 
give  rise — before  the  noble  pride,  the  true  and 
frank  sociability  of  persons  fully  educated  and 
developed,  and  exalted  by  the  feeling  of  being 
members  of  a  noble  Race — of  a  great  Brother¬ 
hood,  who  have  in  their  collective  capacity 
a  high  Destiny  to  fulfil  upon  the  earth  and 
elsewhere. 

Look  at  Humanity! — examine  the  condi¬ 
tion  of  nineteen-twentieths  of  the  members 
of  the  great  family  of  Man  upon  the  Globe 
— destitute,  half-famished,  ignorant  and  de¬ 
graded,  and  say  whether  the  idea — the  timid 
fear  that  a  Social  Reform  is  fraught  with 
danger  to  the  interests  of  the  world,  is  not  a 


1  mockery  upon  common  sense — upon  sound 
judgment^  and  whether  the  spirit  of  social 
Conservatism,  which  exists  so  generally  at 
present,  is  not  utterly  incompatible  with  broad 
\  and  comprehensive  views  upon  political  and 
<  social  questions,  and  with  true  and  generous 
;  sympathies  for  Mankind  ?  Look,  and  answer. 

|  - o - 

> 

\  SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


Fourier  teaches  us  the  secret  of  “  Attractive  In¬ 
dustry  in  which  the  riches  of  activity,  and 
l  health  of  mind  and  body,  are  superior  to  those 

of  wealth  alone,  and  he  demonstrates  that  the 
j  richest  individuals,  in  a  true  state  of  social 

>  Unity,  are  the  most  valuable  and  devoted  ser- 

>  vants  of  Humanity,  because  they  cannot  spend 

s  their  wealth  upon  themselves  alone,  and  can 

s  enjoy  the  luxury  of  riches  only  in  so  much  as 

<  they  improve  the  pleasures  and  refinements  of 

?  the  mass :  and  that  the  more  a  rich  man  has  to 

>  spend,  in  such  a  state  of  things,  the  more  he  is 

j>  constrained  to  study  the  improvement  of  so- 

<  ciety,  and  labor  for  its  welfare  in  his  combina- 

?  tions  of  expense  and  personal  enjoyment. 

(  Doherty. 

>  - 

W ITH  regard  to  the  system  of  property  of 
\  Association,  we  shall  have  numerous  preju- 
;  dices  to  combat  and  errors  to  rectify.  The 
\  false  principles  of  a  community  of  property' 
l  which  have  been  promulgated,  and  connected 

I  unfortunately,  to  some  extent,  with  the  noble 
doctrine  of  Association,  lead  people  to  suppose 
that  every  system  of  Association  must  be  based 
upon  similar  principles.  W e  must  correct  this 
false  view,  and  show  that  in  the  Combined 
Order  all  individual  Rights — the  fundamental 
one  of  which  is  the  Right  of  Property — will 

Ibe  sacredly  respected  and  strictly  preserved. 
The  system  of  joint-stock  or  sharehold  Pro¬ 
perty  of  Association  is  one  of  its  most  beautiful 
practical  features,  and  will,  when  the  highly 
important  results  to  which  it  leads  are  under¬ 
stood,  excite  admiration.  We  will  point  out 
a  few  of  those  results,  which  will  be  partially 
l  elucidated  as  we  progress  in  cur  explanation. 
\  1st.  Effect  a  Unity  of  the  individual  with  the 
l  collective  interest,  so  as  to  render  the  interest 
\  of  the  Individual  the  interest  of  the  Mass, 

'  and  the  interest  of  the  Mass  the  interest  of 
l  the  Individual.  This  Unity  must  be  esta- 
:  blished  before  we  can  conciliate  private  wel- 
>  fare  with  public  good,  and  produce  concert  of 
l  action,  and  general  good-will  and  union  among 
\  men. 

!2d.  Render  real  Estate  moveable  property, 
saleable  and  convertible  at  will  and  without 
loss  into  a  cash  capital. 

3d.  Prevent  the  numerous  and  ruinous  liti¬ 
gations  and  law-suits,  which  now  grow  out 
of  bad  titles,  foreclosures,  boundary  lines, 

]  trespasses,  etc. 

i  4th.  Unite  the  interests  of  Labor  and  Capi- 
j  tal,  which  are  now  divorced  and  in  conflict, 
s  and  prevent  the  unjust  and  tyrannical  control 
l  which  the  Few,  who  own  the  land,  workshops 
>  and  other  means  of  production,  now  exercise 
<  over  the  destitute  Multitude,  who  must  beg 
I  the  privilege  of  working  on  and  in  them. 

5th,  Secure  an  efficient,  uniform  and  scien- 


SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


31 


tific  system  of  Cultivation,  and  its  continuance  l 
from  generation  to  generation,  and  guaranty  ) 
the  prosecution  of  works  and  improvements  \ 
commence(f.  <; 

6th.  Enable  Mankind  to  put  in  practice  \ 
those  cardinal  precepts  of  Truth  and  Justice  i 
laid  down  by  Christ, — such  as:  “Love  thy  \ 
neighbor  as  thyself “  Do  ye  unto  others  as  < 
ye  would  wish  that  others  should  do  unto  > 
you,” — precepts  which,  in  the  universal  Con-  \ 
ilict  of  the  individual  with  the  collective  inte- 
rest  that  now  exists,  and  in  the  envious  strife 
and  opposition  which  reign  throughout  all  the  j 
ramifications  of  business  and  industry,  can  be  l 
acted  upon  to  but  an  extremely  limited  ex-  \ 
tent.  The  interests  of  men  must  be  asso-  j 
ciated,  blended  and  harmonized,  before  the  < 
social  Sympathies  can  be  developed,  and  the  ) 
commandments  of  Love  and  Brotherhood  < 
can  be  carried  out  in  practice. 

Let  us  now  enter  upon  our  subject. 

The  lands,  edifices,  flocks,  implements,  ma¬ 
chinery  and  other  property  of  an  Association, 

— that  is,  its  personal  and  real  Estate — will  be 
represented  by  stock,  divided  into  shares,  like 
the  capital  of  a  bank  or  railroad. 

There  is  no  reason  why  this  description  of 
property  should  not  form  the  capital  of  a  stock- 
company  or  an  association,  and  be  represented 
by  vouchers  or  shares,  as  mines,  manufac-  j 
tories,  railroads,  canals  and  all  varieties  of  j 
joint-stock  property,  or  as  moneyed  capital  in-  < 
vested  in  banks  and  insurance  companies,  now  \ 
are,  and  every  owner  of  stock  be  paid  interest  j 
upon  his  shares.  By  this  means  a  reorgan-  j 
ization  or  remodelling  of  the  present  system  s 
of  property  could  be  effected  without  disturb-  j; 
ing  a  single  vested  right.  Vested  rights  in  s 
property  cannot  be  touched  without  under-  i 
mining  the  fabric  of  society,  and  producing  $ 
injustice,  confusion,  and,  perhaps,  bloodshed;  j 
they  are  sacred  and  must  remain  inviolate.  < 

People  in  Association  will  not  own  little  \ 
farms  or  separate  workshops  and  manufac-  j 
tories  as  at  present ;  they  will  own  stock  in  j 
an  Association,  and  will  be  joint  proprietors 
of  the  entire  domain  and  of  all  the  workshops  \ 
and  manufactures.  By  this  means  the  land 
cannot  be  cut  up  and  sold,  and  the  system  of  \ 
cultivation  and  general  management  changed 
with  every  change  of  owner ;  the  stock,  how¬ 
ever,  which  represents  it,  can  be  sold,  which 
is  the  same  thing  for  the  holder.  \ 

If  a  member  wishes  at  any  time  to  leave  j 
the  Association,  he  can  do  so ;  he  can  retain  \ 
his  stock  and  receive  interest  upon  it,  or  sell 
it  and  obtain  in  cash  its  current  value.  If  no 
other  member  can  purchase  it  of  him  at  the 
time,  the  Association,  which  will  keep  a  re¬ 
served  fund  on  hand  for  the  purpose,  would  \ 
do  so,  and  pay  him  interest  for  the  part  of  the  j 
year  which  had  expired.  < 

By  rendering  real  estate  Sharehold  Pro -  < 
perty,  we  make  it  saleable  at  will ,  and  convert-  > 
ible  into  a  cash  capital  without  loss  or  delay.  j 
This  is  an  immense  advantage,  and  one  which 
is  not  possessed  at  all  at  present.  If  a  person 
now  owns  lands,  which  he  wishes  to  dispose  \ 


of,  he  must  wait  for  months,  often  years,  be¬ 
fore  he  can  find  a  purchaser,  or  sell  at  a 
ruinous  sacrifice.  In  Association,  on  the  con¬ 
trary,  he  could  dispose  of  his  stock  at  a  day’s 
notice  and  for  its  full  value. 

How  will  the  interest  be  paid  upon  the 
shares  ? — it  will  be  asked.  W e  will  explain 
the  manner. 

One  quarter  of  the  total  Product  or  Profits 
of  the  Association,  after  taxes,  repairs  and 
some  other  expenses  are  deducted — that  is, 
one  quarter  of  the  amount  realized  by  the 
sales  of  its  products  during  the  year — will  be 
reserved  for  this  purpose,  and  paid  as  a  divi¬ 
dend  to  the  stockholders.  The  other  three 
quarters  will  be  paid  to  those  who  perform 
the  labor.  We  will  illustrate  this  division  by 
an  example. 

Suppose  an  Association — the  lands,  edifices, 
flocks,  etc.,  of  which  are  valued  at  $500,000 — 
grows  grain,  fruit  and  vegetables,  raises  ani¬ 
mals  and  manufactures  a  variety  of  objects  in 
the  course  of  the  year,  which,  when  sold, 
amount  to  $200,000.  Of  this  sum  $50,000, 
or  one  quarter,  would  be  appropriated  to  the 
payment  of  interest  upon  the  Stock,  which  in 
this  case  would  be  ten  per  cent.  The  re¬ 
maining  $150,000  would  be  paid  to  those  who 
performed  the  Labor. 

The  $150,000,  or  the  shait  paid  to  Labor, 
would  not  be  put  into  a  common  fund,  out 
of  which  all  the  members— the  skilful  as 
well  as  the  unskilful,  the  active  as  well  as 
inactive — will  receive  an  equal  share :  on  the 
contrary,  every  one  will  be  remunerated  ac 
cording  to  the  time  he  has  devoted  to  work, 
and  the  skill  with  which  he  has  worked.  We 
will  explain  fully  hereafter  this  system  for  the 
division  of  profits. 

In  awarding  to  Capital  one  quarter  of  the 
profits,  we  do  not  give  it,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  twenty-five  per  cent,  interest ;  we  give  it 
twenty-jive  per  cent,  of  the  product,  whatever 
it  may  be.  This  proportion  can  be  varied 
somewhat,  if  experience  proves  it  to  be  wrong. 
A  person  on  entering  an  Association  find* 
everything  prepared  for  him ;  the  fields  and 
gardens  are  laid  out  and  under  a  fine  state  of 
cultivation,  the  workshops  and  manufactories 
are  handsomely  fitted  up,  and  teams  and  im¬ 
plements  in  abundance  are  provided:  for  the 
privilege  of  working  under  such  advantageous 
circumstances,  he  gives  to  those  who,  by  their 
Capital  or  Labor,  have  organized  the  Asso¬ 
ciation,  one  quarter  of  the  product  of  his  skill 
and  activity.  This  proportion  will,  we  think, 
be  found  just,  and  satisfy  the  Laborer. 

Capital  in  Association  will  be  safely  and 
profitably  invested — which,  on  the  other  hand, 
will  satisfy  the  Capitalist :  it  will  be  safe,  be¬ 
cause  it  will  be  invested  in  productive  real 
estate,  which  cannot  be  stolen,  wasted  or 
squandered;  and  it  will  be  profitable,  because 
it  will  receive  one  quarter  of  the  product  of 
the  labor  of  a  large  body  of  men,  who  being 
supplied  with  every  means  of  production,  and 
whose  efforts  being  skilfully  and  judiciously 
directed,  must  necessarily  produce  a  vast  deal. 


32 


MODE  OF  INVESTING  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


MODE  OF  INVESTING  CAPITAL  IN 
ASSOCIATION. 


From  Fourier. 


All  lands,  machinery,  implements,  furni-  <: 
ture,  or  other  objects  brought  by  members  i 
into  the  Association,  are  appraised  at  their  \ 
cash  value,  aud  represented,  as  well  as  the  mo-  s 
neved  capital  paid  in,  by  transferable  shares,  \ 
which  are  secured  upon  the  personal  and  real  5 
Estate  of  the  Association — that  is,  upon  its  < 
domain,  edifices,  flocks,  manufactories,  etc. 
The  Council  transfers  to  each  person  the  va-  \ 
lue  in  shares  of  the  objects  which  he  has  \ 
furnished.  A  person  may  be  a  member  with-  ? 
out  being  a  stockholder,  or  a  stockholder  l 
without  being  a  member. 

The  annual  profits  of  the  Association  are, 
after  the  inventory  is  taken,  divided  into  three  \ 
unequal  portions,  and  paid  as  follows: 

Seven-twelfths  to  Labor. 

Three-twelfths  to  Capital. 

Two-twelfths  to  practical  and  theoretical 
Knowledge — or  to  Skill.  \ 

The  Council,  which  has  charge  of  the  finan¬ 
cial  department,  advances  to  those  members 
who  do  not  possess  any  capital  or  fixed  pro¬ 
perty,  food,  clothing  and  lodging  for  a  year.  \ 
No  risk  is  run  in  making  this  advance,  for  it  > 
is  known  that  the  product  of  the  labor,  which  \ 
aach  individual  will  perform  by  attraction  <j 
or  pleasure,  will  exceed  in  amount  the  ad¬ 
vances  made  to  him ;  and  that  the  Associa¬ 
tion,  on  balancing  its  accounts  at  the  yearly 
settlement,  will  be  debtor  to  the  members  to 
whom  it  made  the  advance  of  a  minimum. 

This  Minimum,  or  sufficiency  of  worldly 
goods,  will  comprise : 

Meals  at  the  tables  of  the  first  price. 

A  decent  dress,  and  working  costumes ;  be¬ 
sides  all  implements  necessary  to  their  indus¬ 
trial  occupations. 

A  room  and  bed-room  for  each  individual, 
and  admission  to  the  public  hails  and  saloons, 
and  to  all  places  of  amusement. 

Men  most  opposed  to  Association,  will  be 
Capitalists  and  Landholders.  We  will  enter 
consequently  into  a  short  examination  of  the 
mode  of  employing  and  investing  capital  in 
Association,  and  of  the  value  of  real  estate  in 
this  new  order.  The  advantages  which  As¬ 
sociation  offers  in  these  respects,  merit  the 
attention  of  those  two  classes,  whose  interests 
suffer  so  much  from  the  frauds,  revulsions  and 
revolutions  of  civilized  Society. 

After  a  life  spent  in  making  a  fortune,  new 
difficulties  and  anxieties  arise  in  preserving 
and  guarantying  it  to  children,  who,  after  the 
death  of  the  father,  are  so  often  the  victims 
of  frauds  and  bankruptcies,  or  of  faithless  or 
careless  guardians.  These  dangers  will  cease 
the  moment  Association  is  organized,  and  this 
advantage,  it  strikes  us,  is  among  the  first  to 
be  pointed  out. 

Land,  in  the  Combined  Order,  will  not  be 


owned  without  a  guarantee  of  product,  as  is  so 
often  the  case  at  present.  An  Association, 
cultivating  a  domain,  becomes  seourity  to  the 
capitalist  who  owns  stock,  (which  is  the  same 
as  owning  the  land  and  edifices,  as  they  are 
mortgaged  to  secure  it,)  and  in  case  of  da¬ 
mage  by  the  elements  or  other  accidents,  the 
stockholder  is  sure  to  receive  a  minimum  rate 
of  interest,  which  is  guarantied  to  him  by  the 
entire  Association  and  by  those  of  the  district 
around.  In  Combined  Order,  the  Associations 
will  insure  each  other  against  such  losses. 

To  hear  people  talk,  it  would  be  supposed 
that  they  possess  fine  domains,  superb  landed 
estates.  But  what  interest  do  those  estates 
yield  ?  Hardly  three  per  cent.,  after  deducting 
taxes,  delays,  thefts,  accidental  damages  and 
law-suits,  which  at  present  cannot  be  avoided, 
for,  according  to  the  adage,  “  who  has  soil  has 
turmoil.”  There  are,  besides,  years  when 
there  is  a  complete  failure  of  crops,  and  the 
landholder  receives  nothing,  which  must  be 
taken  into  account. 

If  Capitalists  understood  the  system  of  As¬ 
sociation,  they  would  feel  no  repugnance  in 
investing  their  property  in  the  partnership  of 
an  Association.  Are  they  not  at  present  in 
copartnership  with  each  of  their  tenants  ?  In 
the  Combined  Order  the  entire  Association  is 
in  copartnership  with  them  and  becomes  their 
tenant.  All  its  lands,  edifices,  flocks  and  ma¬ 
nufactories  are  mortgaged  to  secure  their 
stock.  Will  they  obtain  any  such  security  in 
the  present  system?  Will  they  see  a  hun¬ 
dred  families  pledge  themselves  collectively 
to  guaranty  them  an  income  from  their  lands  ? 
To  this  security  is  to  be  added  another  ad- 
•j  vantage,  which  is  unknown  at  present,  and 
\  which  our  financiers  would  never  have  suc¬ 
ceeded  in  realizing ;  it  is  the  power  of  render¬ 
ing  real  estate  transferable  property,  which 
can  be  converted  at  will  and  without  loss  into 
’  a  cash  capital. 

Every  Association  will,  when  called  upon, 
buy  its  shares  at  the  valuation  of  the  last  in- 
;  ventory,  with  interest  for  the  part  of  the  year 
?  which  has  expired.  Thus,  did  a  capitalist 
;  possess  hundreds  of  thousands,  he  could  realize 
\  his  fortune  at  a  moment’s  notice,  and  without 
■  loss  or  expense. 

\  If  an  Association  had  not  funds  on  hand  to 
purchase  the  shares  of  a  large  stockholder, 
i  the  Council  of  the  district  or  province  in 
\  which  it  was  situated,  would  advance  the 
|  money  and  take  the  stock,  which  in  Associa- 
i  tion  is  considered  as  the  best  of  investments. 

An  Association  can  in  no  case  become  bank- 
5  rupt,  or  carry  oft'  its  lands,  edifices,  manufac- 
>  tories  and  flocks,  as  could  be  done  with  the 
<  capital  of  a  bank.  As  regards  damage  by  the 
?  elements,  collective  and  reciprocal  insurances 

[will  exist.  Conflagrations  will  be  reduced  to 
almost  nothing,  owing  to  the  precautions 
which  can  be  taken  in  the  construction  of  the 
edifices  of  Association,  and  in  their  supervision. 

A  minor  will  run  no  risk  of  losing  his  pro¬ 
perty,  or  of  being  wronged  in  the  management 
of  the  principal  or  income :  the  administration 
of  it  is  the  same  for  him  as  for  the  other  stock- 


UNITY  OF  INTERESTS,  ETC. 


33 


holders ;  if  he  inherits  stock  in  divers  Associa¬ 
tions,  the  stock  is  registered  on  their  books ;  it 
bears  the  same  interest  for  him  as  for  others, 
and  can  under  no  pretext  be  transferred  for 
him  until  he  is  of  age,  when  he  can  dispose 
of  it  as  he  chooses. 

An  Association  in  a  body,  directed  by  its 
Council  of  experienced  and  practical  men  and 
by  the  advice  of  neighboring  Associations,  will 
not,  like  an  individual,  be  exposed  to  impru¬ 
dent  speculations;  and  if  any  industrial  opera¬ 
tion,  like  the  establishment  of  a  new  branch 
of  manufactures,  the  working  of  a  mine  or  any 
other  experiment,  be  hazardous,  care  will  be 
taken  to  divide  the  risk  among  a  number  of 
Associations,  consult  well  beforehand,  and 
cover  the  risk  by  insurance.  As  to  frauds, 
none  can  exist. 

- o - 

UNITY  OF  INTERESTS, 

RESULTING  FROM  THE  SYSTEM  OF  JOINT-STOCK 
PROPERTY  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


The  present  Social  Order  is  a  ridiculous  mecha¬ 
nism,  in  which  portions  of  the  whole  are  in 
conflict  with,  and  acting  against  the  whole. 
We  see  each  Class  in  Society  desire,  from  in¬ 
terest,  the  misfortune  of  other  classes,  and 
place  in  every  way  individual  interest  in  op¬ 
position  to  public  good.  The  Lawyer  wishes 
litigations  and  suits,  particularly  among  the 
rich  ;  the  Physician  desires  sickness  ;  (the  lat¬ 
ter  would  be  ruined  if  everybody  died  without 
disease,  as  would  the  former,  if  all  quarrels 
were  settled  by  arbitration  ;)  the  Soldier  wants 
a  war,  which  will  carry  off  half  his  comrades, 
to  secure  him  promotion  ;  the  Undertaker  wants 
burials  ;  Monopolists  and  Forestalled  want  fa¬ 
mines,  to  double  or  treble  the  price  of  grain  ; 
the  Architect,  the  Carpenter,  the  Mason,  want 
conflagrations,  that  will  burn  down  a  hundred 
houses,  to  give  activity  to  their  branches  of 
business.  Fourier. 

Unity  of  Interest  is  the  corner-stone  of  all 
the  Unities — social,  political  and  religious.  It 
will  unite  the  hearts  of  men  in  feelings  of  af¬ 
fection  and  brotherhood,  and  in  love  to  God  and 
to  Humanity. 

We  will  briefly  explain  the  means  by  which 
Association  will  effect  a  perfect  Unity  or  Iden¬ 
tity  of  the  individual  with  the  collective  Inte¬ 
rest.  Unless  we  can  render  the  interest  of  the 
Individual  that  of  the  Whole,  and  the  interest 
of  the  Whole  that  of  the  Individual — or,  in 
other  words,  unless  we  can  establish  Unity  in 
the  sphere  of  worldly  interests,  we  can  never 
introduce  practical  Truth  and  Justice  into  the 
relations  of  men,  nor  attain  those  higher  Uni¬ 
ties  in  Church  and  State,  after  which  more 
advanced  minds — sick  of  strife,  dissension  and 
controversy — are  beginning  to  aspire.  Let  us 
explain  how  this  primary  Unity  will  be  at¬ 
tained.  % 

The  interest  upon  the  stock  of  the  members 
of  an  Association,  will  not  be  paid  out  of  the 
product  of  this  or  that  part  of  the  domain,  or 
out  of  this  or  that  branch  of  manufactures, 
but  out  of  the  total  product  of  the  entire  do¬ 
main  and  all  branches  of  manufactures.  As 
a  consequence,  every  individual  owning  stock, 
if  it  be  but  a  single  share,  will  wish  that  every 
portion  of  the  soil  should  be  cultivated  in  the 

S 


best  manner,  and  every  branch  of  manufac¬ 

tures  prosecuted  with  the  greatest  skill  and 
judiciousness ;  the  better  all  this  is  done,  the 
larger  will  be  the  interest  which  each  indivi¬ 
dual  will  receive;  and  as  the  desire  of  large 
dividends  will  exist  in  Association  as  at  pre¬ 
sent,  there  will  be,  as  a  consequence,  a  general 
desire  on  the  part  of  all  the  members  to  ren¬ 
der  the  Association  in  the  highest  degree  pro¬ 
ductive  and  prosperous. 

Not  only  will  every  individual  wish  that  all 
branches  of  Industry  should  be  prosecuted  in 
the  best  possible  manner,  but  he  will  wish 
that  the  edifices,  tools,  implements,  flocks, 
fences,  etc.  should  be  carefully  taken  care  of 
and  preserved  from  injury  or  damage,  for  if 
any  damage  were  done  to  them,  the  expense 
of  repairs  would  have  to  be  deducted  from 
the  general  product,  which  would  lessen  the 
interest  which  he,  in  common  with  the  other 
stockholders,  would  receive. 

What  each  individual  Member  will  wish, 
the  entire  Association  will  wish,  and  from 
this  Unity  of  Interests  will  result  a  concert  of 
action  in  prosecuting  all  branches  of  Industry 
and  a  perfect  unanimity  of  feeling  in  all  tem¬ 
poral  affairs  and  interests. 

No  one  can  promote  his  own  prosperity 
without  promoting  at  the  same  time  the  pros¬ 
perity  of  all  those  around  him,  and  no  one  can 
injure  his  neighbor  without  injuring  himself. 

It  is  only  in  joint-stock  Associations,  where 
each  individual  is  interested  in  the  entire  ca¬ 
pital  invested,  that  a  perfect  Union  of  interests 
can  be  established,  and  Man  can  be  made  to 
desire  truly  and  ardently  the  welfare  and  pros¬ 
perity  of  his  fellow-man.  From  this  solidarity 
— this  reciprocal  and  mutual  dependence,  will 
result  a  unity  of  feeling,  which  will  soon  ex¬ 
tend  from  pecuniary  affairs  to  political,  reli¬ 
gious,  and  other  spheres  of  society.  In  such 
an  order  of  things  how  easy  will  it  be  to  real¬ 
ize  practically  the  precept — “  Do  unto  others 
as  you  would  that  others  should  do  unto 
you !”  In  fact,  the  practical  operation  of  As¬ 
sociation  will  lead  to  it,  as  the  present  system 
of  Society  leads  to  a  conflict  of  all  interests 
and  to  universal  antagonism  and  enmity. 

And  when  a  body  of  persons,  perfectly 
united,  are  working  for  each  other’s  welfare, 
how  easy  will  it  be  also  to  put  in  operation 
that  other  precept — “Love  thy  neighbor  as 
thyself!” 

Man  is  not  naturally  selfish — far  from  it : 
to  love — taken  in  its  widest  sense — is  the 
first  want  of  his  nature.  To  bestow  the  Sen¬ 
timents  of  friendship,  paternity,  love  and  other 
social  affections  causes  a  Happiness  as  great 
to  him  who  gives,  as  to  him  who  receives. 
If  men  are  now  selfish,  if  they  sacrifice  the 
love  of  God  and  the  neighbor  to  worldly 
ends  and  material  wants,  it  is  because  they 
are  poor — harassed  by  cares  and  anxieties, 
and  because  a  thousand  conflicts  and  discords 
divide  them,  fill  their  souls  with  bitterness, 
and  smother  the  higher  feelings  of  their  na¬ 
ture.  But  men  are  miserable  when  the  higher 
and  nobler  Sentiments  and  the  social  Sympa¬ 
thies  are  not  satisfied,  and  instead  of  finding, 


34 


IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  ANY  TYRANNY  OF  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


as  the  majority  now  hope,  happiness  and  a  \ 
Paradise  in  their  eager  and  exclusive  strife  ! 
after  worldly  goods,  and  in  their  worship  of  j 
selfish  materialism,  they  sink  for  the  most  \ 
part  into  a  social  Hell.  j 

What  a  contrast  between  the  system  of  j 
Industry,  and  particularly  of  Agriculture,  of 
Association  and  that  of  the  present  Social  | 
Order !  Suppose  the  lands  of  an  Association  j 
were  cut  up  into  little  farms,  each  cultivated  j 
and  managed  separately  by  a  different  owner 
or  family,  instead  of  being  represented  by  „ 
stock,  preserved  in  a  body  and  subjected  to  a 
unitary  system  of  cultivation:  what  would 
be  the  consequence?  The  different  families 
would,  in  the  first  place,  be  perfectly  indifferent 
as  to  the  manner  in  which  all  the  other  farms 
around  them  were  cultivated,  because  they 
would  receive  no  part  of  the  product;  their 
interests  would  be  restricted  to  their  own  little 
plots  of  land.  In  the  second  place,  the  con¬ 
tiguity  of  numerous  separate  farms  would 
lead,  as  we  see  by  experience,  to  misunder¬ 
standings,  quarrels  and  law-suits — growing 
out  of  trespasses,  petty  thefts,  breaking  down 
of  fences,  boundary  lines,  bad  titles,  competi¬ 
tion  in  the  sale  of  products,  and  other  causes, 
so  that  in  time  many  of  them  would  become 
inimical  and  enemies  to  each  other,  and 
be  glad  to  see  their  crops  fail,  or  other  mis¬ 
fortunes  befall  them.  It  is  still  worse  with 
those  engaged  in  manufactures ;  they  are  mu¬ 
tual  enemies,  opposed  in  interest  and  striving 
to  break  each  other  down.  Such  are  the  re¬ 
sults  of  the  present  system  of  isolated  and  dis¬ 
associated  Property :  it  is  the  source  of  endless 
conflicts  of  interest,  and  of  universal  distrust 
and  selfishness.  How  beautiful  in  comparison 
is  the  system  of  associated  or  shareliold  Pro¬ 
perty  of  Association,  which,  while  it  main¬ 
tains  individual  rights  in  property,  produces 
Unity  of  interests  and  action,  good  will  among 
men,  and  concord  and  harmony  in  Society  ! 

How  repulsive  is  the  spectacle  which  So¬ 
ciety  now  offers  to  the  man  who  loves  justice — 
who  loves  generous  dealing  between  man  and 
his  fellow-man !  Discord,  conflict  and  envious 
strife  are  rife  among  all  classes  and  indivi¬ 
duals — private  interest  is  arrayed  in  opposition 
to  public  good — every  man’s  hand  is  raised 
against  his  neighbor — distrust  and  hatred  fill 
the  world — and  duplicity,  over-reaching,  ex¬ 
tortion  and  fraud  contaminate  and  degrade 
the  daily  relations  and  transactions  of  the  vast 
majority.  In  Commerce  and  Industry,  oppo¬ 
sition  and  warfare  are  universal,  and  their 
revulsions,  ruin  and  anxiety  kill  more — and  in 
a  more  lingering  manner — than  the  cannon  or 
the  bayonet  in  the  warfare  of  bloodshed.  But 
men  are  so  accustomed  to  the  moral  atmo¬ 
sphere  of  discord,  strife  and  selfishness  in 
which  they  now  live,  that  this  state  of  things 
appears  natural,  and  blinds  them  to  the  ne¬ 
cessity  of  a  Social  Reform.  If  they  could, 
however,  be  made  to  see  Society  as  it  is — see 
its  deformity  and  falseness,  they  would  recoil 
with  disgust  from  it,  and  exert  every  nerve  to 
establish  a  true  and  just  Social  Order  in  its 
place. 


IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  ANY  TYRANNY 
OF  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


God  has  given  the  earth  to  the  Human  Race  and 
to  all  generations  of  the  Race,  and  no  indivi¬ 
dual  should  be  excluded  from  the  Usufruct  of, 
or  the  right  of  cultivating  the  Soil  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  the  means  of  existence 
and  development,  any  more  than  he  should  be 
excluded  from  the  light  of  the  sun  or  from  the 
atmosphere. 


It  is  often  asked,  whether  one  or  more  ca¬ 
pitalists  will  not  become  owners  of  the  stock 
of  an  Association,  and  exercise  a  tyrannical 
control  and  dictation  over  its  members  and  its 
affairs.  Nothing  of  the  kind  can  take  place ; 
i!  to  explain  this,  we  will  suppose  an  extreme 
\  case — we  will  suppose  that  one  individual  has 

!  become  the  proprietor  of  all  the  stock  of  an 
Association.  This  monopoly  will  give  him, 
as  we  shall  see,  no  arbitrary  control  over  the 

!  Association  and  its  affairs. 

The  Council  of  Industry' — the  members  of 
which  will  be  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Association — will  have  a  general  super¬ 
vision  of  the  domain,  workshops  and  ma- 

inufactories,  and  the  regulation  of  its  industrial 
affairs  and  interests.  The  person  who  owns 
the  stock  may  be  elected  a  member  of  this 
Council,  and,  as  such,  will  have  a  voice  in 
the  management  of  its  affairs,  but  out  of  the 
Council  and  as  a  private  individual,  he  can 
exercise  no  control ;  he  cannot  dictate,  for 
example,  the  system  of  cultivation  which 
shall  be  pursued,  the  crops  which  shall  be 
grown,  the  branches  of  manufactures  which 
shall  be  prosecuted,  where  the  fences  or  hedges 
shall  be  located,  how  the  fields  and  gardens 
shall  be  laid  out  and  cultivated,  or  direct  any 
similar  operations.  All  these  details  must 
come  under  the  direction  of  the  Council,  which, 
composed  of  the  most  talented  and  experienced 
members  of  the  Association,  will  of  course  be 
able  to  exercise  a  far  more  judicious  control 
than  can  a  single  individual. 

No  individual  in  Association  wall  possess 
the  absolute  ownership  of  the  soil,  manufac¬ 
tories  and  other  means  of  production  as  at  pre¬ 
sent,  “  to  use  and  abuse  them  as  he  wishes,’ 
and  to  prevent  the  rest  of  the  members  from 
working  upon  or  in  them,  if  his  caprice  shah 
so  dictate ;  he  will  own  the  stock,  which  re¬ 
presents  them — a  much  more  desirable  form 
of  property — but  the  soil  and  manufactories 
will  remain  under  the  control  and  direction  of 
the  Association,  and  the  Right  of  working 
in  or  upon  them  will  be  secured  to  all  its 
members.  We  see  this  restriction  upon  capi¬ 
talists  in  operation  at  present  in  stock  com¬ 
panies  :  a  stockholder  in  a  railroad  cannot,  for 
<  example,  alter  the  direction  or  tear  up  a  part 
of  the  track  equal  in  value  to  his  stock,  or 
prevent  travellers  from  going  over  the  road, 
— and  this  restriction  is  found  advantageous 
to  all. 

Capitalists  will  possess  in  Association  very 
great  advantages:  their  money  will  be  safely 
\  invested ;  they  will  be  exempt  from  the  frauds. 


IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  ANY  TYRANNY  OF  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


35 


revulsions  and  the  numerous  accidents  of  bu¬ 
siness,  which  ruin  upon  an  average  three 
fourths  of  them ;  they  will  be  relieved  from 
the  anxiety  and  the  trouble  of  constant  super¬ 
vision,  and  as  the  profits  of  Association  will  be 
large,  they  will  receive  a  liberal  interest  on 
their  money. 

But  Capitalists  in  Association  will  not  wish  to 
exercise  any  dictation  or  tyranny;  they  would 
disgust  their  fellow-men  by  such  a  course, 
who,  being  secured  the  Right  of  Labor  or  of 
constant  employment,  would  be  pecuniarily 
independent,  and  would  not  submit  to  any 
imposition:  should  capitalists,  however,  en¬ 
deavor  to  exercise  any  tyranny,  the  members 
could  move  off  in  a  body  and  leave  their  pro¬ 
perty  unproductive  ; — and,  besides,  any  arbi¬ 
trary  dictation  on  their  part  would  derange 
the  operations  of  Industry,  decrease  produc¬ 
tion,  and  lessen  as  a  consequence  their  profits. 
The  Tyranny  of  Capital,  one  of  the  last  relics 
of  tyranny,  and  the  most  repulsive,  will  be 
swept  from  the  face  of  the  earth  by  Associa¬ 
tion  ! 

If  it  be  feared  by  some  persons  that  a  few 
individuals  in  an  Association  will  monopolize 
the  stock,  and  exercise  an  absolute  control,  it 
is  very  confidently  asserted  by  others  that  the 
selfishness  of  men,  and  their  rapacity  to  ac¬ 
quire  wealth,  will  be  insurmountable  obstacles 
to  social  Union  and  Concord.  Let  us  answer 
this  objection. 

The  reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  inte¬ 
rest  upon  the  capital  or  shares  will  be  paid  out 
of  the  total  product  of  the  Association,  so  that 
no  one  can  desire  large  profits  for  himself 
without  desiring  the  same  for  all  the  other 
members. 

Suppose  then  that  there  are  some  extremely 
avaricious  persons  in  an  Association,  who  are 
very  desirous  of  accumulating  wealth :  what 
means  will  they  have  to  employ  to  attain  their 
end  ?  They  will  have  to  see  that  all  parts  of 
the  domain  are  cultivated  in  the  best  manner 
— all  branches  of  manufactures  prosecuted  ju¬ 
diciously — that  the  edifices,  implements,  ma¬ 
chinery,  etc.  are  not  injured,  and  that  no  waste 
takes  place.  This  is  the  policy  which  they 
will  have  to  pursue.  They  cannot,  as  a  con¬ 
sequence,  promote  their  own  prosperity  with¬ 
out  promoting  at  the  same  time  the  prosperity 
of  all  the  other  members ;  their  thirst  for  gain 
will  not  be  satisfied,  as  at  present,  at  the  ex¬ 
pense  of  their  fellow-men,  but  will,  on  the 
contrary,  conduce  to  their  welfare.  By  this 
means  individual  selfishness  will  be  neutral¬ 
ized,  and  made  to  subserve  the  good  of  the 
whole. 

Under  the  present  condition  of  things,  the 
injury  done  to  others  by  extortion  or  fraud,  is 
individual  gain;  but  in  Association,  where  the 
interests  of  the  Individual  and  those  of  the 
Mass  are  identical ,  no  one  can  add  to  his  own 
store  without  adding  to  that  of  the  rest  of 
the  community. 

If  there  were  in  an  Association  some  of 
those  very  parsimonious  persons,  who  are  now 
looked  upon  with  dislike,  they  would  be  found 
quite  useful.  They  would  attend  to  all  minor 


1  details  and  minutiee,  and  see  that  nothing  was 
wasted  or  misapplied.  The  great  majority  of 
\  persons  would  feel  no  inclination  for  such  a 

<  careful  supervision,  but  as  they  would  see  the 
j  importance  of  it,  for  little  wastes  lead  to  large 
\  losses,  they  would  feel  indebted  to  those  who 
\  attend  to  such  details  and  relieved  them  of 
\  the  task.  In  Association  Selfishness  will  he 
\  rendered  Social,  and  be  made  to  serve  the 
$  interests  of  the  whole;  at  present,  it  is  ex- 

elusive  or  individual ,  and  leads  to  the  plun 

>  dering  of  the  Mass. 

\  “  The  spirit  of  compound  or  associated  Pro- 

\  perty,”  says  Fourier,  “  will  be  one  of  the  most 
:  powerful  means  of  conciliating  the  interests 
i  of  the  members,  richer  and  poorer,  of  an  As- 
\  sociation.  If  a  person  possessed  but  a  single 
j  share  of  stock,  he  becomes  a  joint  owner  of 
5  the  entire  Association ;  he  can  say,  our  lands, 
\  our  edifices,  our  forests,  our  manufactories, 
\  our  flocks, — everything  is  his  property ;  he  is 
|  interested  in  the  whole  estate,  real  and  per¬ 
il  sonal,  of  the  Association.” 

“  If  a  forest  at  present  is  cut  up  or  injured 
:  by  marauders  or  storms,  a  hundred  peasants 
|  look  on  with  indifference.  The  forest  is  sim- 

<  pie  property ;  it  belongs  to  the  rich  landholder 
|  alone ;  they  rejoice  at  what  may  be  of  injury 
]  to  him,  and  endeavor  clandestinely  to  increase 
\  the  damage.  If  the  floods  wash  away  the 
|  soil  upon  the  banks  of  a  stream,  three  quarters 
;  of  the  inhabitants  own  no  land  upon  it,  and 

<  laugh  at  the  damage ;  they  are  glad  often  to 
see  the  patrimony  of  a  rich  neighbor  injured, 
whose  property  is  simple,  deprived  of  ties  with 

'  the  mass  of  the  inhabitants,  in  whom  it  in- 
)  spires  no  interest.” 

“  In  Association,  where  all  interests  will  be 
'  combined,  and  where  every  person  will  be  a 
'  co-interested  partner,  be  it  only  for  the  portion 

<  of  the  profits  assigned  to  Labor,  every  one 

<  will  desire  the  permanent  prosperity  of  the 
\  entire  Association.  Thus,  from  personal  inte- 
j  rest,  good-will  will  become  general  among 
f  the  members;  and  for  the  reason  that  they 

<  do  not  work  for  wages  or  a  salary,  but  are 

>  co-partners,  knowing  that  any  damage  done, 

<  were  it  to  the  value  of  but  twelve  cents,  will 
!  take  one  half  from  those  who,  not  being  stock- 
<!  holders,  receive  only  the  part  of  the  dividend 
|  allotted  to  Labor.” 

It  will,  no  doubt,  be  dreaded  by  many  minds 
\  that  if  in  an  Association  there  are  persons  w ho 
s  possess  much  capital  or  fixed  property,  and 
others  who  possess  little  or  none,  or,  in  other 
I  words,  if  there  are  richer  and  poorer  indivi- 
|  duals,  differences  of  class  or  caste,  with  their 

<  odious  distinctions  and  their  repulsions  and 
\  discords,  will  arise,  which  will  dissolve  the 
/  social  compact. 

This  dread  is  groundless:  Association,  with 
j  its  system  of  Attractive  Industry  and  its 
vast  Economies,  will  produce  so  much,  and  so 
}  fill  the  world  with  wealth,  that  the  question 
1  will  be  how  to  consume  it  all !  When  abun- 

<  dance  and  refinement  are  secured  to  all,  the 
l  possession  of  more  or  less  wealth  will  be  a 

<  very  minor  consideration.  “  All  will  be  happy 
\  in  proportion  to  their  health  and  spirits  to 


36 


UNION  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


enjoy  the  pleasures  of  both  temporal  and  spi¬ 
ritual  Excellence,  which  will  be  abundant  and 
to  spare,  in  endless  change  and  diversity;” 
and  all  will  be  honored  and  respected  in  pro¬ 
portion  to  talent,  genius,  merit  and  useful 
services  to  Humanity. 

Let  Association  guaranty,  as  it  will,  equal 
chances  of  a  superior  industrial  and  scientific 
Education  to  all  children ; — and  the  right  of 
Labor,  or  a  free  and  unrestricted  choice  of 
occupations,  with  the  profits  and  honors  of  the 
same,  to  the  grown  person;  let  a  broad  field 
of  action,  with  proper  social  aid  and  encou¬ 
ragement,  be  thrown  open  to  all,  and  there 
will  be  no  longer  those  gross  contrasts  be¬ 
tween  poverty  and  wealth,  between  intelli¬ 
gence  and  ignorance,  which  now  exist, — but 
universal  elevation  and  the  enjoyment  by  all  of 
every  worldly  blessing,  based,  however,  upon 
various  and  graduated  degrees  of  fortune  on 
the  one  hand,  and  infinite  diversity  of  talents, 
capacities  and  shades  of  genius  on  the  other. 

“  The  richer  a  man  is  in  the  Combined  Or¬ 
der,  the  greater  are  the  duties  he  imposes  on 
himself  in  spending  his  own  income,  for  he  is 
neither  able  nor  inclined  to  spend  it  on  him¬ 
self  alone  when  individual  and  collective  inte¬ 
rests  are  identical ;  and  if  he  were  inclined  to 
spend  his  money  foolishly  instead  of  usefully, 
he  would  be  deemed  a  simpleton  by  all  his 
friends  and  neighbors,  and  discarded  from  the 
pleasures  of  society  and  friendship  as  an  ani¬ 
mal  of  an  inferior  intellect,  whom  nobody 
would  waste  their  time  upon  in  social  inter¬ 
course  of  an  inferior  order. 

“In  external  wealth  or  property,  as  it  is 
termed,  it  matters  not  how  rich  or  poor  a 
man  or  woman  be :  the  only  riches  of  import¬ 
ance  to  all  persons  are  the  active  powers  of 
soul  and  body,  health  and  vigor  to  enjoy  the 
infinite  diversity  of  temporal  and  spiritual  hap¬ 
piness — the  possession  of  external  wealth  con¬ 
ferring  liberty  of  action  in  proportion  only  to 
the  duty  and  responsibility  of  direct  manage¬ 
ment,  responsibility  to  social  sanction  only, 
and  good  sense,  but  not  to  arbitrary  laws  and 
institutions.” 

- o - 

UNION  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


What  can  isolated  and  helpless  I.abor  do  against 
leagues  of  Capital  and  powerful  Monopoly? 


Capital  and  Labor  are  now  divorced  in 
interest  and  are  in  opposition,  and  Capital 
controls — often  exercises  an  absolute  tyranny 
over  Labor.  Capital  is  held  by  a  small  mi¬ 
nority,  while  the  laboring  multitude,  deprived 
of  its  possession,  are,  for  the  most  part,  the 
dependent  hirelings,  the  menial  subjects  of 
capitalists.  This  unnatural  relation  must  be 
remedied,  and  means  found  of  uniting  Capital 
and  Labor  in  the  same  hands — that  is,  of  ren¬ 
dering  Capitalists  Producers,  and  Producers 
Capitalists,  so  that  there  may  no  longer  be 
dictatorial  tyranny  on  the  one  side,  and  slavish 
subjection  on  the  other. 


|  To  attain  this  important  end,  we  must,  in 

<  the  first  place,  render  Industry  attractive — 
l  make  its  pursuits  avenues  to  fonune,  rank 

<  and  honor  in  society,  as  the  military  life  or 

>  career,  politics,  banking,  commerce  and  some 

p  of  the  professions  now  are,  so  that  all  classes* 
will  engage  in  them  with  energy,  ardor  and 
\  pleasure ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  we  must 

>  establish  a  just  and  equitable  division  of  fro- 

iFiTs,  so  that  those  who  have  no  property  may 
acquire  it  easily,  if  they  desire,  and  become 
capitalists  in  various  degrees  of  wealth.  As¬ 
sociation  will  fulfil  these  two  important  con¬ 
ditions,  and  unite  Labor  and  Capital  in  the 
same  hands.  To  show  the  important  results 
which  will  grow  out  of  this  friendly  union  of 
the  two  great  productive  Powers  of  society, 
which  are  now  in  hostile  conflict,  we  will 
suppose  that  in  founding  an  Association  those 
who  are  to  live  in  it  furnish  the  capital  for  its 
organization. 

1st.  As  Capitalists  they  will  desire  the  most 
judicious  and  economical  application  of  their 
money  in  the  building  of  the  edifice  of  the 
Association ;  but  as  members  of  the  Associa¬ 
tion,  they  will  also  wish  that  it  should  be  so 
constructed  as  to  be  convenient,  comfortable, 
healthy  and  even  elegant  in  its  arrangements. 
These  divers  interests  acting  together  will  pro¬ 
duce  strict  justice,  and  be  attended  with  the 
happiest  results.  There  will  be  no  extravagant 
waste  and  misapplication  of  money  on  the  one 
hand,  and  no  disregard  of  general  comfort  from 
\  a  narrow  spirit  of  parsimony  on  the  other, 
which  wouV  consult  pecuniary  interests  alone, 
and  sacrifiT  to  them  convenience,  health  and 
>  elegance. 

<  <  What  is  the  effect  of  capital  acting  for  its 

j  own  exclusive  benefit  ?  Capitalists  disregard 
|  entirely  the  comfort  and  health  of  those  who 
<;  are  to  inhabit  the  buildings  which  they  con- 
5  struct,  and  consult  pecuniary  interests  alone. 

|  In  their  own  dwellings  they  may  be  liberal 
>  in  their  expenditures  and  make  all  beautiful 
around  them,  but  the  buildings  -which  they 
|  erect  to  rent  to  others,  they  crowd  together  in 
<  the  smallest  space  and  build  of  the  coarsest  and 
|  cheapest  materials,  without  regard  to  the  con- 
i  venience  and  health  of  the  tenants.  In  our 
cities  we  see  blocks  of  miserable  houses, 
i  crowded  together  in  narrow  alleys  with  con- 
)  fined  yards  which  scarcely  admit  of  a  circula¬ 
tion  of  light  and  air,  or  serve  for  domestic 
j  purposes,  with  damp  cellars,  ill-ventilated 
j  apartments,  unfinished  garrets,  narrow,  crook¬ 
ed  and  rickety  stairways,  and  every  defect 
which  avarice  can  devise  to  save  a  penny, — 

^  none  of  which  the  Capitalist  cares  for,  be- 
|  cause  he  is  not  to  reside  in  the  houses,  and 
//  knows  that  there  are  always  those  who,  from 
\  economy  or  necessity,  must  occupy  them  and 
l  pay  him  his  rent,  with  all  their  wretched  and 
vexatious  inconveniences. 

Such  is  the  result  of  Capital  separated  from 
$  Labor  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  the  re- 
\  sidence  of  man ! 

2d.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as  Ca- 
<;  pitalists,  will  wish  to  obtain  good  rents  as  an 
\  interest  upon  their  capital,  but  as  residents 


tJNION  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


37 


and  tenants  who  pay  those  rents,  they  will 
desire  to  adjust  them  fairly  and  equitably. 
Here,  again,  there  will  be  an  equilibrium  of 
interests  productive  of  the  best  results. 

At  present,  the  landlord  or  capitalist  is  con¬ 
stantly  striving  to  force  up  rents,  which  in  our 
cities  is  done  most  effectually ;  and  the  great 
body  of  tenants  seem  to  labor  for  little  else 
than  to  pay  their  rents. 

3d.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as  Ca¬ 
pitalists,  will  build  the  manufactories  and 
workshops,  and  fit  them  up  with  proper  eco¬ 
nomy  ;  but  as  Laborers  or  Workmen  who  will 
occupy  and  be  engaged  in  industrial  pursuits 
in  them,  they  will  desire  them  to  be  in  every 
way  adapted  to  health,  comfort  and  conve¬ 
nience,  and  they  will  construct  them  large  and 
airy  and  make  them  complete  and  agreeable 
in  every  respect.  How  will  the  beautiful 
Halls  of  Industry,  which  they  would  build 
for  themselves  to  work  in,  replete  with  every 
convenience,  contrast  with  the  gloomy,  dirty 
and  ill-ventilated  workshops  and  manufacto¬ 
ries  which  Capitalists  now  erect — not  to  work 
in  them  themselves,  but  for  the  laboring 
Classes,  who  are  forced  by  their  dependent 
poverty  to  work  wherever  they  can  find  la¬ 
bor,  and  submit  to  all  the  inconveniences  and 
repugnant  conditions  connected  with  it. 

Uncontrolled  License  is  now  conceded  to 
those  who  possess  capital,  no  matter  how 
jionstrous  and  infamous  the  abuses  which 
esult  from  the  manner  in  which  they  employ 
H, — and  this  license  is  decorated  with  the 
■Same  of  Liberty,  and  extolled  as  such. 

4th.  The  Founders,  as  Capitalists,  will  wish 
a  liberal  interest  on  .their  investment ;  but  as 
Producers  they  will  also  desire  to  have  Labor 
fully  and  justly  rewarded.  This  union  of  in¬ 
terests  will  secure  a  just  division  of  profits,  so 
that  the  Capitalist  will  receive  a  fair  dividend 
upon  his  capital,  and  the  Laborer  a  fair  reward 
for  his  efforts.  At  present  capital  owns  and 
controls  the  products  of  industry,  and  absorbs 
the  profits — leaving  to  the  laboring  mass  a 
pittance  barely  sufficient  to  supply  their  phy¬ 
sical  wants. 

5th.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as  < 
Capitalists,  will  use  the  utmost  care  and  dis-  !> 
crimination  in  the  establishment  of  schools,  < 
libraries,  scientific  collections,  etc.  etc.,  so  that  L 
the  money  for  these  purposes  shall  not  be  $ 
improperly  expended ;  but  as  beneficiaries  of  f 
their  advantages,  and  participators  in  the  in-  < 
tellectual  pleasures  and  improvements  which  < 
they  will  afford,  and  as  parents  who  will  de-  > 
sire  to  secure  to  their  children  the  best  and 
most  complete  education,  they  will  not  be  1 
parsimonious  or  mean,  but  liberal  and  gene-  j 
rous  in  their  appropriations  to  these  objects.  f 

The  few  examples  which  we  have  pre-  \ 
rented  to  the  reader,  are  sufficient  to  show  f 
tie  immensely  important  and  valuable  results, 
nd  the  perfect  concord  and  justice,  which  will  \ 
flow  from  the  union  of  Capital  and  Labor  in  ;> 
the  same  hands.  How  desirable  is  it  that  this 
union  of  the  two  great  productive  Powers  of  \ 
society  should  be  effected,  and  the  strife  and  \ 
poverty,  and  injustice  and  misery  which  are  \ 


\  now  entailed  upon  the  great  majority  of  man¬ 
kind,  in  consequence  of  the  division  of  Capital 
and  Labor,  should  be  swept  from  the  Earth ! 

To  the  Producing  classes  we  say:  Unite 
and  associate !  combine  your  means  and  your 
labor,  and  you  will  become  strong !  You  are 
now  poor  and  dependent — often  helpless  and 
miserable,  because  you  are  divided  and  live 
isolatedly  and  separately  ;  your  labor  is  badly 
applied ;  a  large  share  of  the  product  goes  to 
the  capitalist  or  employer,  and  the  part  which 
you  obtain  is  wasted  in  your  separate  house¬ 
holds  ! 

Without  ties  of  dose  fellowship  and  union 
among  yourselves,  you  are  divided  in  interest 
and  alienated  in  feeling ; — you  war  with  each 
other  by  Free  Competition,  and  strive  selfishly 
to  wrest  from  each  other  the  labor  which  the 
capitalists  or  employers  require;  —  you  are 
mutual  enemies,  and  cut  down  wages  and 
lengthen  the  time  of  toil  until  you  impose 
upon  yourselves  a  bondage  worse  than  that  of 
the  slave.  You  must  unite  and  combine  your 
efforts  and  your  means ;  if  you  will  do  so,  you 
can  obtain  the  land  upon  which  to  locate,  and 
by  your  labor,  you  can  build  edifices,  manu¬ 
factories  and  workshops,  and  furnish  them 
with  implements  and  machinery.  You  will 
then  own  the  Soil  which  you  cultivate,  and 
the  Machinery  with  which  you  work — and 
owning  these  and  reaping  the  fruit  of  your 
labor,  you  will  no  longer  have  to  contend  with 
your  two  terrible  and  powerful  enemies: — 

1st.  Reductive  and  ruinous  Competition. 

2d.  Monopolized  Machinery,  or,  machi¬ 
nery  in  the  hands  of  capitalists,  which  works 
against  instead  of  for  you. 

In  Association,  you  will  be  the  masters  of 
your  time  and  persons — now  at  the  disposal 
of  those  who  can  hire  you ;  you  will  lay  down 
just  and  equitable  laws  for  the  regulation  of 
your  industrial  affairs  and  interests — enjoy  the 
product  of  your  labor — choose  such  occupa¬ 
tions  and  pursuits  as  suit  you — sell  your  pro¬ 
ducts  to  the  greatest  advantage,  not  being 
obliged  to  dispose  of  them  at  a  given  time 
and  at  a  ’  sacrifice — purchase  your  goods  at 
wholesale  and  at  first  cost — settle  all  misun* 
derstandings  by  arbitrations  of  friends,  instead 
of  resorting  to  the  expensive  trickery  and  in¬ 
justice  of  the  Law — give  to  yrour  children  a  su¬ 
perior  and  thorough  education — and  achieve, 
finally,  your  independence  and  social  eleva¬ 
tion. 

“Ye  toiling  Millions!  oppressed  Victims 
of  honest  and  most  honorable  Industry !  when, 
will  you  learn  to  know  that  Labor  is  the  source 
of  W ealth,  and  that  monopoly  alone,  or  leagues 
of  capital  in  different  degrees  of  *  legal’  or  ‘  il¬ 
legal’  privilege,  deprive  you  and  your  chil¬ 
dren  of  both  health  and  wealth,  and  knowledge 
and  morality ;  and  that  your  only  remedy  con¬ 
sists  in  moral  courage  to  assert  the  rights  of 
Labor  as  an  element  of  the  social  compact,  and 
entitled  to  a  due  share  of  that  which  it  pro¬ 
duces  for  the  good  of  all,  and  not  alone  the 
vantage  of  a  few  ?”  . 

Union,  Association,  Concert  of  Action 


28 


SCIENTIFIC  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


must  be  your  motto:  let  those  charmed  words 
be  inscribed  upon  your  banner,  and  they  will 
elevate  you  from  poverty,  suffering  and  servi¬ 
tude,  to  wealth,  happiness  and  liberty  ! 

- o - 

SCIENTIFIC  FOUNDATION  OF  THE 
SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


It  seems  to  me  that  Eternal  Wisdom  could  only 
prescribe  what  was  conformable  to  the  Nature 
of  Man,  and  that  she  must  have  adapted  her 
laws  to  the  being  she  had  created. 

Spurzheim. 


God  intended  all  the  Creations  in  the  ani¬ 
mal,  vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms,  as  well 
as  the  light  of  the  sun  and  the  vital  atmo¬ 
sphere,  for  universal  use ;  they  are  necessary 
to  the  Existence,  Happiness  and  Development 
of  Man,  and  unless  we  deny  his  right  to  the 
latter,  we  cannot  deny  his  right  to  the  former. 

This  is  the  collective  and  original  Right  of 
the  Human  Race,  and  what  is  the  collective 
right  of  the  Race  is  the  right  of  each  Indivi¬ 
dual. 

The  question  of  the  Right  of  Property  in¬ 
volves  the  consideration  of  two  rights,  which 
form  the  two  constituent  parts  or  elements  of 
that  great  and  fundamental  Right.  Let  us 
enter  into  a  brief  explanation  of  this  important 
subject,  which  is  now  involved  in  so  much 
obscurity,  and  endeavor  to  offer  a  clear  and 
definite  solution,  which  we  trust  will  satisfy 
both  the  Conservative  and  the  Reformer. 

God  has  given  the  earth  to  the  Human 
Race  and  to  all  successive  generations  of  the 
Race,  and  not  to  some  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
others ;  and  the  human  Species,  in  their  col¬ 
lective  and  individual  capacity,  have  a  full  and 
indisputable  right  to  the  Usufruct  of  the 
earth — or  right  of  using  and  cultivating  its 
surface  for  the  purpose  of  creating  the  means 
of  existence  and  happiness.  (Usufruct  signi¬ 
fies  the  use  of  the  soil  without  the  absolute 
ownership  of  it :  Usufructuary  is  an  individual 
invested  with  the  right  of  Use  without  the 
exclusive  Ownership.  AVe  consider  the  flu- 
man  Piace  as  the  Usufructuaries  of  the  Globe.) 

The  earth  is  the  joint  Property  of  the  hu¬ 
man  family,  and  no  member  of  that  family 
should  be  excluded  from  the  Usufruct  of  the 
soil  or  the  right  of  obtaining  a  livelihood  from 
it,  any  more  than  he  should  be  excluded  from 
the  light  and  air. 

This  is  the  original  and  natural  right  of  all 
men,  and  it  can  in  no  case  be  legitimately 
confiscated  or  superseded  by  any  other. 

But  to  every  Being  belong  exclusively  the 
objects  which  he  may  by  his  Labor  and  Ta¬ 
lent  produce  or  create,  and  he  has  a  right  to 
the  absolute  ownership  of  them,  and  can  dis¬ 
pose  of  them  as  he  wishes. 

To  base  the  Right  of  Property  upon  a  true, 
just  and  equitable  foundation,  we  must  devise 
a  system  which  will  secure  to  the  Race  the 
Right  of  Usufruct  of  the  earth,  and  to  the  In¬ 
dividual  the  product  of  his  labor  and  intelli¬ 
gence.  W e  will  explain  the  means  by  which 


>  this  problem  can  be  solved,  but  before  so 

!  doing,  we  will  make  an  extract  from  the 
|  Paris  Phalanx— the  Organ  of  the  doctrine  of 
j  Association  in  France— which  sets  forth  in  a 
!  very  clear  light  the  Right  of  Man  to  the  Soil : 

j  “  The  Human  Race  were  placed  upon  the 
;  earth  to  live  and  to  develop  the  high  life 

<  implanted  in  them.  The  Race  are  conse- 
\  quently  the  Usufructuaries  of  the  surface  of 
\  the  globe.  This  right  of  Usufruct,  belonging 
\  to  the  Species,  is  the  result  of  the  relation 
|  which  exists  between  the  Human  Race  and 
|  the  Earth. — The  destiny  of  the  Species  is  to 

<  live  and  accomplish  its  development,  and  the 

<  function  of  the  latter  is  to  furnish  to  the  Spe- 
l  cies,  individually  and  collectively,  the  means 
\  of  life  and  development. 

i  “Under  the  system  of  Property,  as  it  is 
|  established  in  all  civilized  nations,  the  com- 
\  mon  stock  to  which  the  entire  Species  has  the 

!<  full  right  of  Usufruct,  has  been  usurped ;  it  is 
confiscated  and  monopolized  by  the  few  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  many.  Now,  were  there 
but  one  being  excluded  from  his  right  of  Usu¬ 
fruct  to  the  joint  property  or  common  stock 
by  the  present  system  of  property,  this  exclu 
sion  would  of  itself  constitute  an  attack  upon 
the  original  and  natural  Right,  and  the  system 
of  Property  which  authorized  it,  wouli  cer¬ 
tainly  be  unjust  and  illegitimate. 

“  Any  man  who,  coming  into  the  world  in  a 
civilized  Society,  possesses  nothing,  and  finds 
the  earth  confiscated  all  around  him,  could  he 
not  say  to  those  who  preach  to  him  a  respect 
for  the  existing  System  of  Property — alleging 
as  a  reason,  the  respect  which  is  due  to  the 
sacred  Rights  of  Property — could  he  not  say : 

‘  Let  us  understand  each  other  and  distinguish 
things.  I  agree  with  you  that  the  Right  of 
Property  must  be  revered  and  preserved,  and 
desire  most  ardently  to  respect  it  with  regard 
to  others,  upon  the  just  condition  that  others 
respect  it  with  regard  to  me.  Now,  as  a 
$  member  of  the  human  Species,  I  have  a  right 
5  to  the  Usufruct  of  the  Soil,  which  is  the  com- 
|  mon  property  of  the  Species,  and  which  Na- 
>  ture  has  not,  as  I  know,  given  to  some  to  the 
|  exclusion  of  the  others.  In  virtue  of  the  sys- 
!>  tem  of  Property,  which  I  find  established  on 
coming  into  the  world,  the  common  stock  is 
e  confiscated,  and  perfectly  well  guarded.  Your 
{  System  of  Property  is  consequently  based 
upon  the  spoliation  of  my  Right  of  Usufruct , 
l  and  of  the  Right  of  all  those,  and  the  number 
is  large,  who  are  in  the  same  position  with 
\  me.  Do  not  confound  the  Right  of  Proper - 
s  ty  with  the  particular  System  of  Property , 

)  which  I  find  established  by  your  factitious 
\  Right,  and  agree  that  you  reason  very  badly 
!>  when  you  ask  me,  in  the  name  of  the  Right 
$  of  Property,  to  respect  a  System  of  Property 
\  which  begins  by  spoliating  me  and  denying 
|  the  principle.  Find  some  other  reason  than 
;  that  of  the  Right  of  Property  to  induce  me  to 
;  adopt  your  System ;  for  the  legitimacy  of  the 
;  Right  of  Property,  which  you  are  imprudent 
;  enough  to  invoke  against  me,  is  precisely  what 
!  arms  me  legitimately  against  you,  who  do  not 


SCIENTIFIC  FOUNDATION  OF  TIIE  SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


39 


appear  to  suspect  that  you  are  my  spoliators, 
and  against  your  artificial  Right,  which  pre¬ 
tends  to  sanction  the  usurpation  of  which  I 
am  the  victim.’ 

“  The  present  system  of  Property  is  conse¬ 
quently  illegitimate,  and  is  based  upon  a  fun¬ 
damental  spoliation.  How  could  it  be  other¬ 
wise  in  a  Social  Order,  which  has  but  just 
emerged  from  the  warrior  Period,  and  under 
a  system  of  Legislation  which  can  but  be  a 
modification  of  the  old  Right  of  conquest. 

“  The  sentiment  of  this  illegality  has  led 
some  theorists  to  the  idea  of  an  equal  division 
of  the  soil.  But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  this 
system,  which  would  be  still  a  confiscation  of 
the  earth,  and  would  take  from  the  individual 
his  Right  of  Usufruct  of  the  common  Property, 
would  not  possess  the  merit  even  of  being 
conformable  to  the  natural  Right,  in  as  much 
as  each  individual  could  say :  ‘  I  do  not  accept 
this  little  corner  of  land,  which  you  wish  to 
force  me  to  take  in  exchange  for  my  natural 
Right ;  I  do  not  want  the  ownership  of  this 
little  patch,  and  I  claim  the  Usufruct  of  the 
common  property.’ 

“  The  first  principle,  consequently,  to  be  laid 
down  is,  that  the  Usufruct  of  the  earth  be - 
longs  to  each  individual  of  the  Species :  it  is 
a  natural,  imprescriptible  Right,  and  of  the 
same  nature  as  the  right  to  the  sun  and  to  the 
air ;  for  man,  to  accomplish  his  existence,  re¬ 
quires  the  fruits  of  the  earth  as  much  as  he 
requires  light  and  air.  We  will  suppose  this 
point  well  understood.  To  comprehend,  in 
the  next  place,  the  principle  upon  which  in¬ 
dividual  Properly  should  be  based  and  have 
a  legitimate  existence,  we  must  understand 
the  fundamental  Principle  of  the  Right  of  Pro¬ 
perty.  It  is  this : 

“  Every  Man  possesses  legitimately  the 
object  which  his  Labor  or  his  Intelligence — 
or  in  more  general  terms — which  his  Activity 
has  created.”  • 

“  This  principle  is  incontestable,  and  it  is 
well  to  remark  that  it  contains  implicitly  the 
acknowledgment  of  the  Right  of  all  to  the 
Earth.  In  effect,  as  the  earth  was  not  created 
by  Man,  it  results  from  the  fundamental  prin¬ 
ciple  of  Property  that  the  earth — the  common 
stock  given  to  the  Species — cannot  in  any 
manner  be  legitimately  the  exclusive  property 
of  such  or  such  individuals,  who  have  not 
created  that  property.” 

We  have  consequently  two  kinds  of  Pro¬ 
perty  to  consider,  and  two  rights,  correspond¬ 
ing  to  those  two  kinds  of  Property,  to  secure. 

1st.  The  Earth,  in  its  original  and  unim¬ 
proved  state,  which  is  the  joint  Property  of 
the  Species. 

2d.  The  Improvements  upon  it,  which  are 
the  work  of  the  Labor  and  Intelligence  of 
Man,  and  belong  to  the  individuals  who  made 
them. 

These  Improvements  consist  in  clearings, 
drainings,  dikings,  etc.,  in  towns,  cities  and 
edifices  of  every  description,  in  roads,  bridges, 
canals  and  aqueducts,  in  vessels,  steamboats 


l  and  other  water  craft,  in  tools,  implements 
^  and  machinery,  in  flocks  and  domestic  animals 
!i  of  every  kind,  in  workshops  and  manufacto- 
(  ries,  in  furniture,  in  works  of  art  and  science, 

>  and  in  accumulated  cash  capital. 

These  Improvements  constitute  the  capital 
\  of  the  world ;  they  are  the  works  of  particular 
j  generations  and  individuals,  and  are  the  legi- 
l  timate  property  of  those  who  made  them,  or 
l  those  to  whom  they  have  bequeathed  or 
;  disposed  of  them ;  for  every  individual  has  the 
l  right  of  disposing  of  what  is  legitimately  his 
as  he  wishes. 

These  two  kinds  of  Property — the  Earth 
|  and  the  Improvements — cannot  be  separated, 

>  and  the  great  question  is  to  devise  a  System 
^  of  Property,  by  means  of  which  the  right  of 
\  the  human  Species  to  the  Soil,  and  the  right  of 

I  the  Individual  to  the  Product  of  his  labor  and 
intelligence,  will  be  fully  maintained.  This 
is  perfectly  impossible  in  the  present  system 
of  Society ;  the  earth  goes  with  the  improve¬ 
ments,  and  becomes  the  exclusive  property  of 
those  who  own  them,  and  the  original  Right 
\  of  Man  to  the  soil  is  confiscated. 

|  It  is  only  in  Association,  with  its  system  of 
I  Sharehold  Property,  that  this  difficulty  can 
|  be  overcome,  and  both  kinds  of  property  pre- 
j  served,  and  both  rignts  respected.  To  explain 
J  this  clearly,  we  will  suppose  an  Association 
<  of  eighteen  hundred  persons  residing  on  a  do- 
<  main  of  six  thousand  acres,  under  a  high  state 
l  of  cultivation,  and  provided  with  all  improve- 
\  menls  necessary  to  the  comfort  of  man,  and 
to  enable  him  to  apply  his  labor  efficiently. 
The  increased  value  given  to  the  soil  by 
'<  cultivation  and  the  improvements,  will  be  re- 
^  presented  by  Stock  divided  into  shares,  which 
j  will  be  private  property,  and  will  be  owned 
|  by  those  who  are  entitled  to  them. 

*  They  who  hold  the  Stock  will  not  possess 
<  the  absolute  Ownership  of  the  soil,  manufac- 
|  tories,  etc.,  and  be  able  to  exclude  the  other 
^  members  from  working  on  or  in  them.  On 
|  the  contrarv,  every  member  will  have  the  full 
<  right  of  cultivating  the  soil,  and  of  using  the 
|  improvements  necessary  thereto ;  so  that  the 
;  original  Right  of  Man  to  the  Usufruct  of  the 
\  earth  will  be  respected. 

The  other  right — the  right  of  the  Individual 
)  to  his  improvements,  will  be  secured  by  remu- 
\  nerating  him  fairly  and  liberally  for  the  use  of 

[them ;  he  will  receive  one  quarter  of  the  pro¬ 
duct  of  the  labor  of  those  who,  in  cultivating 
the  soil,  enjoy  the  great  advantages  and  faci¬ 
lities  which  the  improvements  must  necessa¬ 
rily  afford.  We  said  that  every  Individual 
should  possess  the  absolute  Ownership  of  the 
objects  which  he  by  his  labor  has  created,  and 
|  it  may  appear  a  restriction  to  represent  the 
\  improvements  by  Stock,  instead  of  surrender- 
t  ing  them  to  the  entire  control  and  disposal  of 
those  who  made  them;  but  when  objects, 

{created  by  the  labor  of  individuals,  become 
permanent  improvements,  the  right  to  them 
must  be  somewhat  modified,  otherwise  the 
original  right  of  man  to  the  Usufruct  of  the 
earth  would  be  destroyed.  But  Association 
so  modifies  this  right  as  to  render  it  far  more 


40 


ATTRACTIVE  INDUSTRY. 


2 


advantageous  than  the  absolute  possession  of 
the  improvements  themselves,  for  by  repre¬ 
senting  them  by  stock  the  individual  is  paid 
for  the  use  of  them,  which  is  all  he  can  under 
any  circumstances  expect  or  desire,  and  he  is 
saved  the  trouble  of  supervision,  and  the  dan¬ 
ger  of  losses  by  fire,  thefts,  trespasses,  etc. 

Association  will  secure  to  every  member 
of  the  human  family  the  right  of  Usufruct  of 
the  earth,  and  to  every  individual  the  right  of 
private  Property.  How  impossible  to  conci¬ 
liate  and  secure  these  two  natural  Rights  in 
the  present  social  Order !  and  how  easy  and 
simple  the  means  by  which  it  will  be  effected 
in  Association !  The  improvements  made  by 
human  labor  are  represented  by  stock,  which 
is  held  by  those  to  whom  they  legitimately 
belong — which  secures  the  right  of  indivi¬ 
dual  property.  Under  this  system  of  indi¬ 
vidual  property,  there  is  no  bar  to  the  right 
of  Usufruct,  and  the  fields,  gardens,  work¬ 
shops  and  manufactories,  with  the  use  of  tools, 
implements  and  machinery,  can  be  thrown 
open  to  ail  the  members  of  the  Association, 
and  the  fullest  right  of  cultivating  and  working 
in  them  is  extended  to  every  person  without 
restriction. 

We  have  spoken  only  of  the  objects  created 
by  human  labor,  which  have  become  improve¬ 
ments  ;  whatever  the  individual  may  produce 
that  is  of  a  moveable  and  saleable  character, 
and  is  not  fixed  or  permanent  on  the  land,  he 
can  dispose  of  freely  and  in  any  way  he  thinks 
proper.  One  quarter,  however,  as  we  have 
explained,  is  deducted  to  pay  the  interest  upon 
the  stock.  This  deduction  is  made  for  the 
following  reason :  Man  is  entitled  to  the  Usu¬ 
fruct  of  the  earth,  it  is  true,  but  only  in  its 
original  and  rude  state  as  received  from  the 
hands  of  the  Creator,  and  not  with  the  im¬ 
provements  upon  it ;  if  the  improvements  en¬ 
able  him  to  produce  a  vast  deal  more  than  he 
could  have  done  without  them,  they  may  be 
justly  considered  a  joint  source  of  production, 
and  entitled  consequently  to  a  share  of  the 
product ;  this  share  should,  we  estimate,  be 
about  one  quarter,  but  this  proportion  time 
and  circumstances  may  somewhat  modify. 

In  a  state  of  Nature,  before  any  regular  so¬ 
ciety  is  constituted,  we  find  that  man  enjoys 
the  fullest  right  to  the  Usufruct  of  the  Earth. 
The  Savage  can  hunt  and  fish  and  gather 
fruits — that  is,  use  the  forests  and  streams  for 
liis  advantage,  and  enjoy  whatever  he  may 
by  his  efforts  obtain.  In  a  true  system  of 
Society  these  natural  rights  should  not  be 
abridged,  as  they  are  in  the  Barbarian  and  Ci¬ 
vilized  Societies,  but  greatly  extended — which 
they  will  be  in  the  Combined  Order.  Not  only 
will  that  Order  secure  to  all  the  right  of  Usu- 
fruct  of  the  earth,  but  the  right  to  it  under 
a  high  state  of  cultivation  and  with  every  im- 
provement  necessary  to  enable  Man  to  apply 
his  labor  and  intelligence  in  the  most  efficient 
manner  and  to  the  greatest  advantage. 

In  Europe  the  Soil  was  usurped  and  confis¬ 
cated  by  military  Chiefs  or  the  Great  Barons 
after  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  power  and 
the  invasions  of  the  Barbarians :  they  entailed 


[  it  upon  their  descendants,  in  whose  possession 

>  it  has  with  some  exceptions  since  remained, 
'  and  succeeding  Generations  have  been  robbed 
5  of  their  right  of  Usufruct  of  the  earth.  In  the 
l  United  States,  the  Soil  has  been  taken  by  the 
}  Government,  and  is  being  sold  out  in  small 
\  parcels  to  individuals.  Although  a  funda- 
|  mental  human  Right  is  violated  by  this  usur- 
l  pation,  still  it  cannot  be  complained  of,  for 
<  Society  not  being  so  organized  as  to  admit  of 
|  the  establishment  of  a  true  System  of  Pro- 
|  perty,  it  must  be  taken  by  some  one,  and  it  is 

better,  perhaps,  that  it  should  be  by  Govern¬ 
ment  than  by  squatters  or  others. 

In  concluding  our  observations  upon  this 
|  subject,  we  will  remark  that  Politicians  and 
men  of  Science  have  not  yet  discovered  the 
theory  of  a  true  system  of  Property ;  and  had 
they  discovered  it,  they  could  not  have  applied 
it  with  the  knowledge  of  social  principles  now 
possessed,  or  in  the  present  system  of  Society. 
Now  when  they  see  that  the  Science  of  Asso- 
\  ciation  offers,  not  only  an  explanation  of  the 
|  most  abstruse  social  principles,  but  the  means 
|  of  realizing  them  in  practice,  should  it  not 

>  command  the  attention  of  all  earnest  and 
s  thinking  minds  ? 

>  - o - 

\  ATTRACTIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Up  to  the  present  time  Politicians  and  Philo¬ 
sophers  have  not  dreamed  of  rendering  Indus¬ 
try  attractive  :  to  enchain  the  mass  to  labor, 
they  have  discovered  no  other  means,  after 
slavery,  than  the  fear  of  want  and  starvation ; 
if,  however,  Industry  is  the  destiny  which  i# 
assigned  to  us  by  the  Creator,  how  can  we 
think  that  he  would  wish  to  force  us  to  it  by 
violence,  and  that  he  has  not  known  how  to 
put  in  play  some  more  noble  lever,  some  incen¬ 
tives  capable  of  transforming  its  occupations 
into  pleasures  1  Fourier. 

Labor !  it  is  a  vast  question,  which  for  its  solu¬ 
tion  demands  a  new  and  a  high  -Science. 

To  assert  that  Labor  is  not  the  Destiny  of 
Man,  is  to  deny  evidence  :  to  assert  that  Labor 
is  the  Destiny  of  Man,  and  that  it  cannot  be¬ 
come  for  him  a  source  of  happiness,  is  to  ca¬ 
lumniate  the  Creator. 

There  must  then  be  two  laws  for  Labor :  the 
law  of  Constraint,  which  comes  from  human 
ignorance  ;  the  law  of  Charm  and  Attraction, 
which  is  the  intention  of  the  Divinity  ;  hence 
these  two  results — Misery  or  Riches,  Oppres 
sion  or  Liberty.  C.  Vigoureux. 


LABOR — the  source  of  all  material  riches 
\  and  temporal  comforts,  of  health  and  vigor, 
|  and  the  means  by  which  man  fulfils  his 
function  of  Overseer  of  the  Globe — Labor ! 
which  is  now  repulsive,  repugnant  and  de- 

>  grading — can,  we  assert,  be  dignified  and 
j  ennobled,  and  rendered  honorable  and  at- 
?  tractive  ! ! 

Repugnant  Industry  is  the  fundamental 
£  cause  of  the  majority  of  Evils  which  afflict 

>  Mankind ;  it  is  the  cause  of  Poverty  and  SelU 
l  ishness — of  Debility  and  Disease — of  Slavery 
|  and  Servitude — of  Fraud,  Speculation  and  In- 
{  justice — of  a  misemployment  and  non-employ- 

Iment  of  the  Faculties  and  Passions — of  social 
Discord,  and  a  bad  Cultivation  of  the  Earth. 
This  great  practical  truth  has  not  been  dis- 


ATTRACTIVE  INDUSTRY. 


41 


covered,  because  men  have  not  carefully  ana¬ 
lyzed  social  Evils  and  traced  out  their  primary 
causes. 

Man,  considered  as  a  being  subject  to  phy¬ 
sical  Wants  and  as  a  Consumer,  starts  falsely 
in  his  career.  He  requires  the  products  of 
Industry — he  requires  its  riches,  and  the  va¬ 
ried  means  of  comfort  and  enjoyment  which 
it  procures,  but  he  wishes  to  avoid  the  toil 
and  the  drudgery  of  producing  them. 

This  duplicity  between  the  End  and  the 
Means — between  the  object  desired  and  the 
labor  of  obtaining  it,  is  the  result  and  mon¬ 
strous  anomaly  attendant  upon  a  false  and 
unnatural  system  of  Industry,  and  the  imme¬ 
diate  cause  of  a  part  of  the  evils  enumerated 
above.  In  earlier  Societies,  when  all  power 
was  vested  in  the  Sword,  a  few  enslaved  the 
mass  and  forced  them  to  toil  in  bondage,  that 
they  might  escape  the  burthen  of  labor  and 
live  in  idle  ease.  In  modern  civilized  Socie¬ 
ties,  in  which  the  power  that  controls  Indus¬ 
try  and  the  laboring  Mass  is  vested  in  Capital, 
numberless  and  complicated  are  the  commer¬ 
cial  schemes  and  speculations,  the  leagues  of 
privilege  and  monopoly,  the  deceptions,  frauds, 
impositions,  extortions  and  plans  of  direct  and 
indirect  plunder,  which  are  resorted  to  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  products  or  riches 
of  Industry,  without  undergoing  its  repulsive 
burthen. 

Thus  we  see  that  ancient  Slavery  and  mo¬ 
dern  Fraud  have  their  origin  in  Repugnant 
Industry. 

Again,  man  must  satisfy  the  wants  of  his 
physical  nature;  he  must  eat  and  be  clothed, 
'and  he  must  have  a  house  to  shelter  him;  if 
these  primary  wants  are  not  satisfied,  he  pe¬ 
rishes.  But  they  can  be  satisfied  only  by  the 
products  of  Industry,  and  as  Industry  is  re¬ 
pugnant,  and  all  avoid  it  who  can  and  produce 
consequently  nothing,  and  as  they  who  cannot 
avoid  it,  work  with  apathy  and  disgust  and 
produce  but  little,  Poverty,  as  a  consequence, 
is  general,  and  the  great  majority  suffer  all 
the  evils  of  physical  privation. 

This  destitution  and  physical  suffering  smo¬ 
ther  the  friendly  feelings  and  social  sentiments, 
“  the  love  of  the  neighbor,”  and  the  higher 
aspirations  of  the  heart,  and  engender  that 
material  or  sensual  Selfishness  which  now 
exists  so  generally  in  Society.  The  world 
looks  upon  Selfishness  as  the  main  cause  of 
evil,  but  Selfishness  is,  to  a  great  extent,  the 
result  of  privation,  of  the  non-satisfaction  of 
the  physical  wants,  and  the  constant  strife 
which  is  necessary  to  provide  for  individual 
welfare — which  in  turn  are  the  results  of  the 
general  Poverty  that  now  exists — and  this  ge¬ 
neral  Poverty  is  itself  the  result  of  Repugnant 
Industry,  so  that  Repugnant  Industry  is  the 
cause  of  Poverty  and  Selfishness. 

Again,  they  who  can  live  without  labor,  by 
living  on  the  labor  of  others,  and  escape  the 
repulsive  and  oppressive  burthen  of  our  false 
system  of  Industry,  and  pass  their  time  in 
idle  ease,  are,  for  the  wfent  of  healthy  and 
active  occupation,  oppressed  by  lassitude  and 
ennui,  and  afflicted  by  debility  and  disease, 


|  and  drag  out  an  existence  of  physical  suffer¬ 
ing  and  discontent.  The  Faculties  and  Pas¬ 
sions,  being  left  comparatively  inactive  and 
|  having  no  field  for  development  in  the  noble 
sphere  of  Industry,  seek  for  outlets  in  frivo¬ 
lous  and  pernicious  pursuits  —  in  drinking, 
gambling,  and  other  kinds  of  debauchery  and 

!  dissipation.  Thus  disease,  and  misemploy- 
ment  and  perversion  of  the  Faculties  and  Pas¬ 
sions  are  also  results  of  Repugnant  Industry. 

If  we  take  a  general  survey  of  Social  Evils 
and  examine  their  causes,  we  shall  see  that  a 
majority  of  them  have  their  source  in  Repug¬ 
nant  Industry ! 

It  may  be  asked,  why  it  is  that  the  happi¬ 
ness  of  man  is  so  intimately  connected  with 
Industry?  Why  the  Creator  has  made  its 
J  exercise  a  condition  of  his  temporal  welfare  ? 
^  It  would  require  much  space  to  answer  this 
question,  as  it  involves  a  solution  of  the  pro- 
;  blem  of  the  Destiny  of  Man  on  Earth — a  sub- 
<  ject  which  to  “  mere  practical  minds”  might 
)  appear  extravagant  and  visionary — but  the 
<  “  fact”  is  evident  and  speaks  for  itself,  which 
l  is  sufficient,  that  Repugnant  Industry,  which 
j  divorces  man  from  creative  Labor,  is  the  pri¬ 
mary  source  of  Social  Evils. 

Let  Attractive  Industry  —  the  grandest 
<  practical  conception  of  the  human  Mind — be 
>  realized  in  practice,  as  it  will  be  by  the  me¬ 
chanism  of  the  Groups  and  Series  in  Associa¬ 
tion,  and  the  greatest  and  most  beneficent 
results  will  follow  !  It  will  develop  the  ener- 
|  gies  of  Mankind,  and  regenerate  them  physic¬ 
ally  or  corporeally ; — it  will  secure  Riches,  or 
^  an  abundance  of  worldly  blessings  and  com¬ 
forts  to  all,  and  sweep  the  scourge  of  Indigence 
from  the  earth ; — it  will  eradicate  Selfishness 
by  freeing  man  from  physical  privations  and 
sufferings,  and  from  harassing  anxieties  of 
mind — without  which  the  social  sentiments 
and  feelings  cannot  expand  and  develop  them¬ 
selves  freely ; — it  will  replace  disease  and  de¬ 
bility,  with  their  depressing  and  melancholy 
influence,  by  health  and  vigor  and  elastic  joy ; 
<1  — it  will  give  freedom  to  the  Victims  of  bond- 
i  age  and  servitude  of  every  kind,  for  none  will 
<  want  dependent  fellow-creatures  to  toil  for 
them,  when  Industry  is  rendered  attractive, 
>  and  its  exercise  has  become  a  primary  source 
<  of  happiness ; — it  will  open  a  new  and  vast 
>  career  to  the  Genius  and  Energy  of  Man,  and 
<  employ  usefully  the  Passions,  the  activity  of 
)  which  is  now  lost  in  monotonous  idleness,  or 
j  misdirected  in  false  spheres  of  action ; — it  will 
I  render  all  men  voluntary  Producers,  and  do 
\  away  with  the  wish  and  necessity  of  specula- 
\  tion,  fraud,  over-reaching,  extortion  and  every 
|  variety  of  plunder,  direct  and  indirect,  to  ob- 
\  tain  without  labor  the  riches  of  Industry; — it 
|  will  lead  to  a  universal  and  thorough  cultiva¬ 
tion  of  the  Globe,  and  the  embellishment  of 
\  its  surface,  and  will  fulfil  literally  the  prophe- 
>  cies  of  Scripture,  that  “the  sword  shall  be 
beat  into  the  ploughshare,  and  the  spear  into 
the  pruning-hook  ;”  and  that  “  the  wilderness 
and  the  solitary  place  shall  be  glad  for  them  * 
and  the  desert  shall  rejoice  and  blossom  ai, 
the  rose.” 


42 


ATTRACTIVE  INDUSTRY. 


WHY  IS  INDUSTRY  REPUGNANT? 


The  idea  of  rendering  Industry  Attrac¬ 
tive,  is  so  entirely  new,  and  so  opposed  to  all 
views  hitherto  held  in  regard  to  it,  that  we 
need  not  be  surprised  if  it  should  be  declared  a 
delusive  hope,  a  vain  aspiration  and  a  chimera 
of  the  imagination.  But  it  is  not  so — it  is  a 
simple  but  noble  Idea,  founded  in  truth,  and 
may  be  easily  rendered  a  practical  reality. 
How  can  we  reconcile  the  idea  of  Industry 
being  naturally  and  inherently  repugnant,  de¬ 
grading  and  brutalizing,  with  the  goodness 
and  wisdom  of  the  Creator,  when  it  is,  as  we 
see,  the  first  want  of  Man,  the  essential  condi¬ 
tion  of  his  Existence  and  Happiness  ? 

It  is  the  circumstances  under  which  Indus¬ 
try  has  been  prosecuted,  that  have  impressed 
the  world  with  the  erroneous  opinion  that  it 
is  naturally  and  inherently  repugnant.  But  a 
slight  examination  of  these  circumstances  will 
account  for  this  false  and  fatal  belief.  It  has 
in  all  past  times  been  prosecuted  by  Slaves, 
Serfs  and  hired  Menials,  and  this  has  cast  a 
stigma  upon  it,  and  made  it  appear  in  the  eyes 
of  the  world  dishonorable  and  degrading: — it 
has,  under  every  mode  of  prosecution,  been 
connected  with  poverty,  ignorance  and  degra¬ 
dation,  which  are  all  revolting  to  the  feelings 
of  man — and  these  things,  so  abhorrent  to  the 
instincts  of  the  soul,  have  been  confounded 
with  Industry  itself,  when,  in  truth,  they  are 
the  results  of  the  false  modes  in  which  it  has 
been  exercised: — it  has  always  been  ill-re¬ 
quited  or  unrequited  : — it  has  been  prosecuted 
in  dirty  workshops  and  manufactories,  amidst 
dust  or  filaments,  or  in  lonesome  fields  with 
exposure  to  the  hot  sun  or  to  the  rain : — it  has 
been  prosecuted  through  long,  monotonous  and 
dreary  hours,  day  after  day  and  year  after  year, 
with  but  little  relaxation,  and  little  variety  and 
change : — it  has  brought  neither  honor,  rank 
nor  wealth  to  the  Laborer,  who  has  ever  been 
subjected  to  the  rapacity  of  masters  and  em¬ 
ployers,  but  it  has  wasted  his  strength  and 
brutalized  his  mind  in  slavish  Drudgery,  and 
placed  him  in  the  lowest  rank  in  the  scale  of 
social  hierarchy.  All  these  circumstances  have 
been  connected  with  Industry,  and  is  it  sur¬ 
prising  that  it  should  be  viewed  with  repug¬ 
nance  and  abhorrence,  when  these  are  consi¬ 
dered  necessary  and  unavoidable  conditions  of 
its  exercise  ? 

But  may  not  Industry  be  prosecuted  in  an 
entirely  different  manner  from  that  in  which 
it  now  is,  and  ever  has  been  ?  May  not  an  Or¬ 
ganization  be  given  to  it  which,  differing  in 
every  way  from  the  false  and  vile  modes  hi¬ 
therto  employed,  will  strip  it  of  its  loathsome 
and  repugnant  accompaniments,  and  in  lieu  of 
them  connect  with  it  pleasing,  honorable  and 
noble  incentives  ?  Unquestionably,  and  in 
confirmation  of  the  fact,  we  will  adduce  a  few 
comparative  illustrations. 

What  should  we  think  of  our  most  highly 
prized  pleasures — balls,  operas,  concerts,  etc. 
— if  the  same  conditions,  now  connected  with 
Industry,  were  imposed  upon  them  ?  Suppose 


a  ball  or  an  opera  were  held  in  a  dirty  and 
gloomy  room— that  the  guests  were  badly 
dressed,  rude  in  their  manners  and  coarse  in 
their  language,  would  it  be  attractive  or  agree¬ 
able?  And  suppose,  in  addition,  that  they 
had  to  attend  it  daily,  and  dance  or  listen 
to  music  for  twelve  or  fourteen  hours  with 
scarcely  any  intermission,  would  they  not  sink 
under  the  oppressive  burthen  and  declare  it  a 
dreadful  and  insupportable  task  ?  And  yet, 
when  all  these  causes  of  repugnance  and  dis¬ 
gust,  and  others  worse  still,  are  connected  with 
the  exercise  of  Industry,  how  can  we  expect 
it  to  be  agreeable  and  attractive — or  even  sup¬ 
portable?  We  cannot;  and  it  is  evident  that 
an  entirely  new  Organization  must  be  given 
to  Industry,  and  new  conditions  and  circum¬ 
stances  connected  with  it,  before  it  can  be 
dignified  and  rendered  attractive. 

But  balls  and  operas  are  agreeable — and 
why  ?  Because  they  are  held  in  elegant  places, 
with  company  gay  and  polite,  and  beautifully 
dressed — because  Music  and  the  sister  Arts 
lend  their  charm  and  enliven  the  scene — be¬ 
cause  the  social  Feelings  are  called  out  and 
wake  up  enthusiasm  in  the  soul — and  lastly, 
and  above  all,  because  they  do  not  last  long 
enough  to  fatigue  the  senses  and  become  mo¬ 
notonous  and  oppressive. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  reasons  why  balls, 
operas  and  parties  are  agreeable,  and  are  at¬ 
tended  with  delight.  Now,  if  Industry  were 
conducted  under  similar  conditions,  could  it  not 
be  rendered  equally  as  attractive?  It  could, 
and,  in  fact,  far  more  so,  when  all  the  incen¬ 
tives  applicable  to  this  noble  activity,  so  vast 
and  comprehensive  in  its  range,  embracing 
the  whole  field  of  Nature,  Art  and  Science, 
are  brought  to  bear. 

We  will  point  out  a  few  of  the  conditions 
which  must  be  connected  with  Industry  to 
render  it  attractive.  The  fields  and  gardens, 
which  the  whole  population  of  an  Association 
will  be  more  or  less  engaged  in  cultivating, 
must  be  beautifully  laid  out  and  embellished 
— the  workshops  and  manufactories  elegantly 
fitted  up  and  decorated,  and  everything  con¬ 
nected  with  them  clean  and  perfect — the  tools, 
implements  and  machinery  of  the  best  quality, 
labor-saving  and  convenient — the  dresses  tasty 
and  comfortable — the  workmen  polite  and  well 
educated,  and  united  in  their  respective  occu¬ 
pations  by  similarity  of  taste,  by  friendship, 
sympathy  of  character  and  identity  of  interests 
— the  profits  of  labor  awarded  to  the  Producer 
— rank  and  honors  conferred  upon  those  who 
distinguish  themselves  by  proficiency  and  use¬ 
ful  services,  and  finally,  variety  in  occufa- 
tions,  so  that  Labor  need  not  become  irksome 
and  oppressive  from  monotony,  long  continued 
exertion  and  fatigue. 

We  find  various  minor  indications  in  So¬ 
ciety  wrhich  tend  strongly  to  confirm  the  idea 
that  Industry  may  be  rendered  attractive. 
Take  fox-hunting  for  an  example;  it  is  a  la¬ 
borious  and  even  dangerous  pursuit,  and  yet, 
from  the  incentive? connected  with  it,  it  is  ex¬ 
tremely  attractive,  and  for  the  wealthy  even, 
who  possess  every  means  of  enjoyment  that 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


43 


society  affords.  Fire  Companies  are  another  j 
and  very  striking  example:  the  labor  they  > 
require  is  excessive,  and  often  dangerous,  and  j 
connected  frequently  with  the  most  disagree-  < 
able  circumstances,  such  as  requiring  attention  \ 
on  a  cold  winter’s  night,  and  yet  the  members  ; 
of  the  Fire  Companies  devote  themselves  to  ; 
their  duties  with  great  energy  and  devotion,  \ 
and  without  any  compensation.  This  effect  - 
is  produced  entirely  by  the  manner  in  which  \ 
the  labor  is  prosecuted,  or  in  other  words,  the  j 
organization  which  is  given  to  it.  The  mem-  > 
bers  of  volunteer  military  Companies,  boat  j 
Clubs,  etc.,  go  through  a  great  deal  of  laborious  > 
work  in  drilling,  practising,  etc.,  which  they  > 
do  from  attraction,  for  they  are  neither  con-  } 
strained  to  do  it,  nor  are  they  paid  for  it — 
the  only  means  in  the  opinion  of  the  world  j 
of  inducing  people  to  work.  Many  of  our  j 
plays — cricket,  bowling,  etc. — which  are  la-  ; 
borious,  are  attractive  merely  on  account  of  \ 
the  emulation  or  rivalry  connected  with  them,  \ 
and  the  slight  expansion  they  afford  to  the  j 
social  feelings. 

Commerce  and  Banking,  which  rank  at 
present  among  the  most  honorable  pursuits, 
because  they  are  the  two  principal  avenues 
to  Fortune,  have  been  looked  upon  by  the 
world,  until  within  a  century  or  two,  as  quite 
mean  and  contemptible  occupations.  There 
is  nothing  whatever  in  the  nature  of  their 
pursuits  to  render  them  more  honorable  and 
attractive  than  the  commonest  employments 
of  life,  but  they  have  become  so,  because  they 
lead  to  fortune — which,  in  this  money-making 
Age,  possesses  the  highest  claim  to  Rank  and 
Distinction. 

But,  as  a  conclusive  proof  that  Industry  can 
be  rendered  attractive,  let  us  look  at  War  and 
Carnage ;  this  hideous  and  monstrous  work  of 
bloodshed  and  destruction,  naturally  so  repul¬ 
sive  to  human  nature,  has  been  rendered 
honorable  and  attractive  by  the  organization 
which  has  been  given  to  Armies  and  the  in¬ 
centives  which  have  been  connected  with  it. 
Now  if  these  incentives — such  as  music,  uni¬ 
forms,  banners,  rivalries  of  masses,  corporate 
enthusiasm,  honors,  fame,  rank  and  power, 
the  smile  of  beauty,  the  chant  of  the  poet 
and  the  blessing  of  the  priest — have  rendered 
Carnage  attractive,  may  we  not  suppose  that 
if  applied  to  the  great  work  of  Production,  they 
would  reader  Industry  attractive  ?  Who  can 
doubt  it?  And  let  these  incentives  and  all 
the  resources  of  Art  and  Science  be  directed 
to  the  organization  and  prosecution  of  Indus¬ 
try  as  they  have  been  to  War;  let  it  throw 
open  a  similar  field  to  honors,  preferments  and 
fortune,  and  men  will  seek  with  avidity  and 
ardent  enthusiasm  its  exercise  as  the  means 
of  attaining  those  desires  of  the  human  heart. 
The  mighty  energy  which  could  thus  be  di¬ 
rected  to  Industry,  would  increase  Riches  im¬ 
measurably,  and  secure  abundance  and  ease  to 
all.  Sweep  from  the  earth  the  scourge  of  In¬ 
digence,  with  its  blighting  influences— igno¬ 
rance,  dependency  and  degradation — which 
smother  so  frightfully  the  faculties  and  ener¬ 
gies,  and  the  higher  aspirations  of  Man,  and 


who  can  estimate  the  high  degree  of  Perfec  • 
tion  and  Greatness,  to  which  he  can  attain 1 

- o - 

GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


The  Series  of  Groups  is  the  mode  adopted  by  God 
in  the  whole  distribution  of  the  Universe  ;  the 
three  kingdoms  of  Nature— the  animal,  vege¬ 
table  and  mineral — present  us  only  Series  of 
Groups.  Naturalists,  in  their  theories  and  ta¬ 
bles,  have  unanimously  followed  this  distribu¬ 
tion  ;  they  could  not  have  departed  from  it 
without  deviating  from  Nature,  and  falling  into 
confusion.  If  the  passions  and  characters  were 
not  regulated,  like  the  material  kingdoms,  by 
Series  of  Groups,  Man  would  he  out  of  unity 
with  the  Universe;  there  would  be  duplicity 
of  system  and  incoherence  between  the  mate¬ 
rial  and  the  spiritual  or  passional  world.  If 
man  wishes  to  attain  social  Unity,  he  must 
seek  for  the  means  in  this  Serial  Order,  to 
which  God  has  subjected  all  Nature. 

Fourier. 


Three  different  Systems  of  Labor  have  been 
established  up  to  the  present  time  upon  the 
earth. 

1st.  Slavery: — It  was  almost  universal  in 
Antiquity,  but  exists  to  a  very  limited  extent 
in  modern  civilized  countries.  It  had  its  ori¬ 
gin  in  a  social  period  of  war  and  carnage, 
when  Industry  was  in  a  rude  and  undeveloped 
state — that  is,  when  implements,  machinery, 
and  other  facilities  for  prosecuting  it  were  not 
invented,  and  its  exercise  was  extremely  dif¬ 
ficult.  Constraint  and  violence  under  their 
rudest  forms  were  necessary  to  force  man  to 
labor,  and  the  institution  of  slavery  was  en- 
'  gendered  by  the  combined  influence  of  the 
/  dominion  of  brute  force  or  the  military  power, 
$  and  repugnant  Industry. 

2d.  Serfdom,  or  Feudal  Bondage: — It  was 

<  universal  in  Europe  during  the  first  and  mid- 
;  die  Ages,  and  still  exists  in  Russia,  Poland 
:  and  Hungary.  Serfdom  may  be  considered 
;  as  a  transitional  system  between  the  direct  or 
\  personal  dependence  of  Slavery  and  the  in- 
;  direct  or  pecuniary  dependence  of  the  Wages 

system. 

3d.  Hired  Labor,  or  Labor  for  wages: — 
\  This  system  is  the  one  now  generally  exist- 
|  ing  among  civilized  nations,  and  has  replaced 
j  Slavery  and  Serfdom. 

Under  the  first  system,  man  belongs  to  his 
fellow-man  with  unqualified  possession:  un¬ 
der  the  second  system  he  is  connected  with 
1  the  soil  as  a  fixture,  and  the  right  of  the 
\  master  is  not  absolute :  under  the  third  sys- 
i  tem,  he  possesses  a  corporeal  liberty,  but 

<  being  without  capital — that  is,  without  soil 
\  to  cultivate  or  manufactories  in  which  to 
;  work,  he  must  sell  his  time  and  labor  to,  and 
|  become  the  dependent  hireling  of,  those  who 
i  own  those  means  of  production,  and  can  em- 
j  ploy  him.  Under  the  two  first  systems,  corpo- 
j  real  punishments  are  the  constraining  means 
s  made  use  of  to  force  Man  to  labor:  under  the 
-  last  system,  want  and  starvation  are  substi- 
\  tuted  in  their  place. 

In  no  age  or  country  have  Statesmen  and 
]  Philosophers  endeavored  to  effect  an  industrial 


44 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


Reform — a  reform  m  those  three  false  systems  j 
of  Labor,  and  to  establish  the  natural  system 
of  Industry  in  their  place ;  they  have  looked  j 
upon  Labor  as  an  element  of  an  inferior  order  < 
in  the  social  Organization, — as  something  se¬ 
condary  and  unworthy  of  attention,  and  suf¬ 
fered  the  Mass  to  be  the  victims  of  the  false 
and  oppressive  systems  which  accident  and 
ignorance  have  established.  ) 

To  the  genius  of  Fourier  is  due  the  disco-  j 
very  of  the  true  and  natural  system  of  Industry  \ 
— the  associative  and  attractive  system,  which 
is  destined  to  replace  the  false  and  repugnant  i 
systems  that  now  exist,  and  sweep  indigence,  j 
servitude  and  dependency  from  the  earth.  ( 

•  Let  us  now  proceed  to  explain  the  means  \ 
by  which  Industry  will  be  rendered  Attractive  l 
— that  is,  the  organization  which  will  be  given  \ 
to  it,  or  the  system  by  which  it  will  be  pur-  \ 
sued  to  render  its  exercise  pleasing  and  en-  j 
ticing.  Fourier  terms  the  system  the  Serial  > 
Mechanism,  or  the  mechanism  of  the  Groups  j 
and  Series.  We  will  commence  by  simple  j 
and  elementary  explanations  of  the  nature  and  < 
organization  of  the  Groups  and  Series,  which  j 
will  not  show  at  once  how  Industry  can  be  \ 
dignified  and  rendered  attractive,  but  which 
must  be  understood  to  see  how  those  great  > 
ends  can  be  attained.  < 

A  Group  is  a  body  of  persons  united  from 
a  taste  for  any  occupation,  whether  of  Indus-  i 
try,  Art  or  Science,  and  who  combine  for  the  ? 
purpose  of  prosecuting  it.  | 

Fire  companies,  volunteer  military  compa-  <; 
nies,  boat  clubs  and  hunting  parties  offer 
examples  of  imperfect  Groups ;  they  possess  j 
some  of  the  characteristics  of  regular  Groups, 
such  as  identity  of  taste  for  the  occupation,  j 
corporate  spirit,  emulation,  and  often  sympa-  > 
thy  of  character  between  the  members. 

A  full  Group  should  be  composed  of  at  least  > 
seven  persons,  and  form  three  divisions  or  j 
three  sub-groups,  the  centre  one  of  which 
should  be  stronger  than  the  two  wings  or  ex-  i 
tremes.  A  Group  of  seven  persons  will  fur-  \ 
nish  the  three  following  divisions :  2-3-2  (two  $ 
persons  at  each  wing  and  three  in  the  centre). 
Each  division  would  be  engaged  with  some  | 
department  of  the  work  with  which  the  Group  j 
was  occupied.  j 

In  a  Group  regularly  organized,  the  ascend-  $ 
ing  wing  should  be  stronger  than  the  descend-  \ 
ing  win",  and  the  centre  stronger  than  either.  I 
We  will  give  examples  of  two  Groups,  one 
composed  of  twelve,  and  the  other  of  sixteen  j 
members.  i 

<T  Ascending  wing  ...  4  i 

Group  of  12  members,  1  Centre . 5  < 

l  Descending  wing  .  .  3  < 

f  Ascending  wing  .2-3  < 

Group  of  16  members,  <  Centre . 2-3-2  ( 

(  Descending  wing  2-2  s 

The  object  of  these  divisions  will  be  ex¬ 
plained  hereafter. 

A  Series  is  distributed  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  Group:  the  Series  are  composed  of  a 
number  of  Groups,  as  Groups  are  composed 
of  individuals,  and  operate  upon  Groups  as  ( 


Groups  upon  individuals.  A  Series  must  con 
tain  at  least  three  Groups — a  Centre  and  two 
Wings:  twenty-four  persons  is  the  least  num¬ 
ber  with  which  a  Series  can  be  formed.  The 
central  Group  should  be  stronger  than  the  two 
Groups  of  the  wings.  As  there  will  be  a 
strong  emulation  between  the  centre  and  the 
wings,  and  as  the  wings  will  unite  in  their 
efforts  to  excel  the  centre,  the  latter  must  be 
more  numerous  in  order  to  be  able  to  vie  with, 
and  equal  the  influence  of  the  wings.  The 
ascending  wing  will  be  occupied  with  the 
heaviest  branch  of  a  work,  if  the  Series  be 
engaged  in  manufactures,  and  with  the  largest 
variety,  if  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  grains, 
fruits,  vegetables  or  flowers;  the  centre  will 
be  occupied  with  the  most  elegant  and  attrac¬ 
tive  branch  or  variety;  and  the  descending 
wing  with  the  lightest  and  small  est.  W e  will 
explain  practically  what  we  have  here  said  by 
some  examples,  as  it  will  be  the  best  means  of 
making  the  subject  understood. 

Suppose  in  an  Association  three  varieties  of 
some  species  of  a  peach  or  pear  are  cultivated ; 
a  Group  would  be  occupied  with  each  variety, 
and  the  three  Groups  united  would  form  a 
Series  of  peach  or  pear  Growers.  The  Group 
engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  finest  and 
most  beautiful  variety,  would  form  the  centre 
of  the  Series ;  the  Group  occupied  with  the 
coarser  variety,  the  ascending  wing ;  and  the 
Group  occupied  with  the  smaller  and  most 
delicate  variety,  the  descending  wing.  If  we 
suppose  a  large  Series,  consisting  of  twelve  or 
more  Groups,  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of 
three  distinct  species  of  peaches,  instead  of 
three  varieties  of  one  species,  the  ascending 
wing  would  probably  be  engaged  with  clings, 
the  centre  with  rare-ripes,  and  the  descending 
wing  with  fall  peaches. 

The  members  of  an  Association  will  choose 
freely  the  Groups  which  they  wish  to  join; 
they  will  consult  their  own  tastes,  and  no  dic¬ 
tation  or  control  will  be  exercised  by  the  As¬ 
sociation.  The  members  of  a  Group  will  be 
equal,  associated  partners,  united  from  a  taste 
for  the  occupation  in  which  they  engage,  and 
prosecuting  it  for  their  joint  account  and  ad¬ 
vantage.  There  will  be  no  employer  or  master 
at  the  head  of  the  Group ;  no  control  of  the 
individual  by  the  individual,  as  the  system  of 
hired  Labor  will  be  done  away  with;  the 
members  will  choose  the  most  skilful  or  ex¬ 
perienced  as  Officers  of  the  Groups  and  Series, 
to  whom  titles  like  that  of  President  and  Vice- 
President,  or  Foreman  and  Assistant  Foreman, 
will  be  given. 

When  a  Series  is  regularly  organized,  and 
the  different  Groups  are  engaged  in  the  culti¬ 
vation  of  their  favorite  varieties  or  species,  or 
the  manufacture  of  their  favorite  objects,  then 
will  a  strong  emulation  be  aroused  between 
them ;  they  will  vie  with  each  other  in  giving 
to  their  productions  the  greatest  perfection, 
and  in  endeavoring  to  prove  their  superior 
usefulness,  advantage  or  beauty.  The  wings 
will  unite  in  their  endeavors  to  excel  the  cen¬ 
tre,  as  singly  they  could  not  hope  to  vie  with 
it;  the  centre,  on  the  other  hand,  will  have  to 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


45 


withstand  the  united  efforts  of  the  wings  and 
balance  the  value  or  elegance  of  their  produc¬ 
tions  by  the  superiority  of  its  own.  These 
emulative  rivalries  and  other  incentives,  which 
we  will  point  out  later,  and  which  the  Groups 
and  Series  will  call  out,  will  give  a  powerful 
attraction  to  Industry,  and  do  away  with  that 
apathy  and  disgust,  which  we  now  see  con¬ 
nected  with  it — prosecuted  as  it  is,  monoto¬ 
nously,  solitarily  and  without  change. 

The  emulation  which  will  exist  between 
Groups  and  between  Series  in  Association  will 
be  noble  and  friendly,  and  will  replace  the  en¬ 
vious  and  hostile  rivalry,  called  free  competi¬ 
tion.  Various  causes  will  prevent  any  hostile 
feelings  from  growing  out  of  the  emulation  of 
the  Groups  and  Series:  it  will,  in  the  first 
place,  be  corporate  and  collective,  as  it  will 
exist  between  Groups  animated  by  a  noble 
corporate  feeling,  and  not  between  individual 
and  individual.  In  the  second  place,  every 
person  will  belong  to  several  Groups,  and  will 
be  engaged  at  different  times  in  different 
Groups ;  there  will,  consequently,  be  alterna¬ 
tions  or  changes  from  corporate  Rivalry  to 
federative  Union — that  is  to  say,  if  two  per¬ 
sons  are  engaged  at  one  time  in  different 
Groups  as  rivals,  by  a  change  of  occupation 
they  are  brought,  together  in  the  same  Group 
as  friendly  co-operators.  In  the  third  place, 
each  Association  will  vie  with  other  and  neigh¬ 
boring  Associations  in  giving  perfection  to  their 
branches  of  Industry  and  the  Arts,  and  al¬ 
though  the  Groups  and  Series  in  each  will  be 
animated  by  corporate  rivalry,  and  endeavor  to 
carry  away  the  palm  from  each  other,  they 
will  be  united  as  one  man  in  their  endeavors 
to  excel  the  Series  of  other  Associations. 

A  full  Series  should  contain  seven  Groups : 
with  this  number  each  wing  could  contain  two 
Groups,  and  the  centre  three.  A  Series  thus 
organized  would  elicit  much  stronger  emula¬ 
tion  and  give  a  greater  degree  of  zest  and 
attraction  to  its  pursuits,  and,  as  a  conse¬ 
quence,  greater  perfection  to  the  branch  of 
Industry  in  which  it  is  engaged.  We  will 
recur  again  to  a  practical  example  to  illustrate 
this,  and  choose  a  Series  engaged  in  some 
agricultural  pursuit.  The  ascending  and  de¬ 
scending  wings  of  the  Series,  instead  of  being 
composed  of  a  single  Group  occupied  with  the 
cultivation  of  but  one  variety  of  a  species — sav 
of  a  fruit  or  vegetable,  would  be  composed 
of  two  Groups  occupied  with  two  varieties 
of  the  same  species,  and  the  centre  of  three 
Groups,  cultivating  three  varieties  of  the  same 
or  another  species. 

In  a  Series  of  three  Groups  there  will  be 
emulation  only  between  the  two  wings  and 
the  centre,  but  with  seven  Groups,  there  will 
be  emulation,  not  only  between  the  wings  and 
the  centre,  but  between  the  two  Groups  of  each 
of  the  wings  and  the  three  Groups  of  the 
centre :  the  emulation  or  rivalry  will  be  raised 
a  degree,  and  instead  of  being  simple  will  be 
compound.  The  Groups  of  each  wing,  as  well 
as  the  wings  themselves,  will  be  rivals,  but 
they  will  be  united  in  their  endeavors  to  sur¬ 
pass  the  centre.  The  three  Groups  of  the 


I  centre  will  emulate  each  other  in  giving  to 
their  favorite  varieties  the  greatest  perfection, 
but  they  will  be  united  in  turn  to  excel  the 
win^s.  The  more  closely  the  varieties  and 
species  resemble  each  other,  and  the  greater 
the  hesitation  and  indecision  which  are  ex- 
|  cited  on  the  part  of  judges  as  to  which  variety 
or  species  the  preference  should  be  given,  the 
|  stronger  will  be  the  emulation  of  the  Groups, 
j  and  the  greater  the  zeal  of  each  to  obtain  a 
$  marked  superiority. 

Thus,  in  a  Series  properly  organized,  there 
/  will  he  Emulation  between  the  Groups  of  the 
centre  and  wings,  and  Federation  between  the 
|  Groups  of  the  wings  to  excel  the  centre,  and 
\  between  the  Groups  of  the  centre  to  excel 
|  the  wings,  and  then  a  general  federation  be- 
\  tween  all  the  Groups  of  the  Series  to  excel 
jj  the  Series  of  the  surrounding  Associations. 

But  why  not  leave  the  Series,  with  their 
s  emulation  and  corporate  enthusiasm  aside,  it 
\  will  be  asked  by  persons  who  dread  whatever 
$  appears  complicated  and  minute  in  its  details, 

<  and  pursue  a  simpler  method  ?  The  reason  is, 
\  because  it  is  only  by  emulation,  corporate  en- 

thusiasm  and  other  incentives,  which  the  Se¬ 
ll  ries  call  out,  that  Industry  can  be  rendered 
\  attractive ;  if  we  do  not  employ  these  means, 
l  we  shall  always  have  Repugnant  Industry 
\  with  its  fraud,  misery  and  injustice. 

From  the  preceding  remarks  the  reader  will 
^  be  able  to  form  an  idea  of  a  Series  with  its 

<  Groups; — we  will  define  it  once  more.  ASe- 
'  ries  is  a  league  or  union  of  several  Groups,  as 
|  a  Group  is  a  union  of  several  individuals,  dis- 
1  tributed  in  an  ascending  and  descending  order 

<  — that  is,  with  wings  and  a  centre,  united 
5  from  an  identity  of  taste  for  an  occupation, 
|  and  applying  a  special  Group  to  each  branch 
/  of  the  work,  or  each  variety  of  the  species 
[  with  which  it  is  engaged.  If  the  Series  is 
|  cultivating  tulips  or  pears,  wheat  or  potatoes, 

<  it  must  form  as  many  Groups  as  varieties  of 
\  tulips  or  pears,  wheat  or  potatoes,  can  be  cul- 
|  tivated  upon  the  lands  of  the  Association. 

I  The  Groups  of  a  Series  must  be  occupied 
/  with  varieties  o  f  a  Species,  and  not  with  dis- 
]  tincl  Species.  Emulation  could  not  exist  be- 
\  tween  three  Groups  breeding  the  Flanders 
|  horse,  the  Arabian  horse  and  mules — or  culti- 
'  vating  cling-stone  peaches,  rare-ripes  and  fall 
peaches.  Judges  would  say  that  they  were 
\  too  dissimilar  to  allow  of  a  comparison,  and 
>  would  give  at  once  a  preference  to  one  or  the 
\  other ;  as  a  consequence,  emulation  could  not 
\  be  called  out.  A  large  Series  might  be  en- 
|  gaged  with  distinct  species,  in  which  case  it 
\  would  apply  the  Groups  of  the  centre  and 
wings  to  different  varieties  of  each  Species. 

<  Between  Groups  breeding  three  varieties  of 
jj  the  Arabian  horse,  or  even  three  colors  if  there 

<  were  not  varieties,  or  cultivating  three  kinds 
\  of  the  cling  or  rare-ripe  peach,  there  would  be 
l  a  strong  emulation,  because  differences  of  opi- 
^  nion  as  to  superiority,  and  preferences  for  this 

or  that  variety,  would  be  elicited. 

We  will  give  examples  of  the  distribution 
of  a  few  Series.  With  the  aid  of  these  ex- 
[  amples,  persons  who  are  acquainted  with 


46 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


particular  branches  of  Industry  can  easily  di-  j 
vide  their  operations  or  functions  into  three  ■ 
or  more  parts,  and  apply  a  Group  or  a  Series  / 
of  Groups  to  them. 

When  a  Species  does  not  afford  varieties  \ 
enough  for  a  Series,  then  Species  which  closely  \ 
resemble  each  other  must  be  taken. 

) 

A  Scries  of  12  Groups  cultivating  Pears. 

Asc.  W.  .  4  Groups  cultivating  4  varieties  of  the  early  > 
Bergamot. 

Centre  .  .  5  Groups  cultivating  5  varieties  of  the  red  < 
Bergamot.  > 

Desc.  W. .  3  Groups  cultivating  3  varieties  of  the  sum-  j 
mer  Bergamot.  \ 

A  Series  of  9  Groups  cultivating  Apples. 

Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  cultivating  3  varieties  of  the  j 
Greening. 

Centre  .  .  4  Groups  cultivating  4  varieties  of  the  > 
Pippin.  ? 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  cultivating  2  varieties  of  the  j 
Spitzenberg. 

A  Series  of  9  Groups  breeding  Horses.  > 

Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  breeding  3  varieties  of  the  Turk-  i 
ish  barb.  \ 

Centre  .  .  4  Groups  breeding  4  varieties fof  the  Ara- 

bian  horse.  < 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  breeding  2  varieties  of  the  Blood 
horse. 

In  the  two  last  examples,  the  centre  and  \ 
wings  of  the  Series  are  occupied  with  differ-  l 
ent  species;  it  is  allowable  in  this  case,  as  \ 
the  species  closely  resemble  each  other,  but  s 
emulation  would  be  stronger  if  the  Series  were  l 
occupied  with  different  varieties  of  the  same  > 
species — the  pippin  or  greening,  or  the  Ara-  \ 
bian  or  blood  horse.  i 

A  Series  manufacturing  Hats.  < 

Asc.  W.  .  2  Groups  manufacturing  2  qualities  of  the  ] 

while  fur.  i 

Centre  .  .  3  Groups  manufacturing  3  qualities  of  the  l 
black  fur.  | 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  manufacturing  2  qualities  of  the  \ 
black  silk.  > 

W e  will  give  examples  of  two  Series  which  j 
jire  defectively  distributed,  and  between  the  j 
centre  and  wings  of  which  there  would  be  j 
very  little  emulation. 

A  Series  of  Pear  Growers.  j 

Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  occupied  with  hard  pears.  s 

Centre  .  .  4  Groups  occupied  with  juicy  pears.  1 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  occupied  with  mealy  pears.  ] 

A  Series  of  Apple  Growers. 

Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  occupied  with  the  bow  apple. 
Centre  .  .  4  Groups  occupied  with  the  pippin. 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  occupied  with  the  lady  apple. 

How  will  the  Series  be  formed  ?  it  will  be  \ 
asked.  By  voluntary  unions  of  individuals,  $ 
who,  having  a  taste  for  some  occupation,  as¬ 
sociate  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  it.  Sup-  j 
pose  thirty  persons  in  an  Association  are  fond  < 
of  the  pears,  and  unite  for  the  purpose  of  cul-  \ 
tivating  a  pear  orchard  :  they  would  organize  j 
themselves  into  a  Series,  divide  into  Groups,  \ 
and  form  the  centre  and  wings ;  the  Groups  \ 
would  then  select  the  different  varieties  of  the 
species  of  pear  which  the  Series  intended  to  \ 


cultivate,  and  each  Group  would  divide  the 
work  which  it  had  to  perform  into  different 
parts,  and  apply  a  sub-group  to  each  part. 
Every  individual  would  choose  the  Group  and 
the  kind  of  work  which  he  preferred.  The 
members  of  the  different  Groups  would  choose 
the  officers  of  the  Series  and  of  their  respec¬ 
tive  Groups,  make  laws  for  their  government, 
and  regulate  their  interests  as  they  thought 
proper,  and  without  interference  from  any 
quarter. 

In  the  Groups  there  will  be  no  Employers 
or  hired  Laborers ;  the  members  will,  as  we 
said,  be  equal  associated  partners,  who  will 
establish  their  own  by-laws  and  regulations, 
elect  their  officers,  and  divide  equitably  the 
product  of  their  labor,  each  receiving  a  share 
proportioned  to  the  part  he  has  taken  in  cre¬ 
ating  it.  Every  Group  will  be  an  independent 
body,  and  will  be  controlled  by  no  power:  it 
will  receive  with  deference  the  opinions  of  the 
Council  of  Industry,  but  it  will  not  be  obliged 
to  follow  them,  as  it  will  be  considered  the 
most  capable  of  conducting  its  branch  of  In¬ 
dustry. 

The  system  of  Groups  and  Series  will  extend 
Liberty  to  Labor,  from  which  it  is  now  ba¬ 
nished.  There  is  under  the  present  organiza¬ 
tion  of  Industry  as  much  tyranny  in  Labor  as 
there  is  tyranny  in  Politics  under  the  worst  of 
despotisms.  As  proof,  look  at  the  degrading 
servitude  to  which  the  Laboring  Classes  are 
subjected.  They  are  the  hirelings  of  capital¬ 
ists  and  employers,  of  -whom  they  must  beg 
the  privilege  of  toiling,  and  whose  wink  or 
word  they  must  obey;  they  are  ordered  about 
like  beings  without  a  will ;  the  kind  of  work 
they  shall  pursue  is  pointed  out,  without  re¬ 
gard  to  health  or  inclination ;  the  time  they 
shall  devote  to  labor  is  prescribed ;  they  are, 
in  many  large  manufactories,  forbidden  to 
speak  to  each  other,  and  are  rung  up  by  a 
bell  in  the  morning  like  animals.  To  add 
humiliation  to  subjection,  they  must  go  on  a 
Saturday  night  and  beg  degradingly  their  pay, 
as  if  the  scanty  stipend  they  received,  was 
more  than  a  requital  for  the  labor  which  they 
had  given.  We  have  here  the  example  of  an 
industrial  bondage  as  intense  and  galling  as 
the  political  bondage  of  the  vilest  despotism ! 
What  a  mockery  to  talk  to  the  Laboring 
Classes  of  the  Liberty  and  Equality  which 
they  enjoy,  when  in  all  their  industrial  pur¬ 
suits,  which  occupy  the  three-fourths  of  their 
time,  the  most  repulsive  tyranny  exists  ! 

This  industrial  bondage,  this  tyranny  in  la¬ 
bor  will  cease  to  exist  in  Association.  In  the 
Groups  and  Series  perfect  Liberty  will  be  se¬ 
cured;  the  Workmen  will  be  their  own  mas¬ 
ters  ;  they  will  fix  upon  their  working  hours, 
choose  their  occupations,  divide  the  profits  of 
their  labor,  and  govern  in  every  way  their 
own  affairs.  Thus  Liberty  will  be  extended 
to  Labor — which  is  the  greatest  and  most  im¬ 
portant  conquest  that  the  toiling  millions  can 
now  achieve ! 

Every  person  m  Association  will  belong  to 
several  Groups,  engaged  in  some  pursuits  at 
one  season  of  the  year,  and  in  others  at  ano- 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


47 


ther ;  occupations  will  also  be  varied  during 
the  day.  This  change  and  variety  of  pursuits, 
and  their  prosecution  with  agreeable  compa¬ 
nions,  will  prevent  the  monotony  and  disgust  of 
prolonged  and  solitary  Labor — will  exercise 
all  parts  of  the  body,  develope  all  the  faculties 
of  the  mind,  and  lead  every  individual  to  form 
ties  of  friendship  with  a  large  number  of  per¬ 
sons.  If,  however,  any  person,  engaged  in 
some  special  occupation  which  from  its  na¬ 
ture  required  the  attention  of  a  single  indivi¬ 
dual  and  not  of  a  Group,  wished  to  continue 
his  labors  longer,  he  would  be  perfectly  free 
to  do  so;  no  unnatural  constraint,  no  arbitrary 
laws  will  exist  in  Association,  and  all  the  rules 
laid  down  for  the  regulation  of  labor  must  be 
perfectly  in  accordance  with  the  requirements 
of  human  nature. 

It  will  be  objected  that  if  an  individual  takes 
part  in  so  many  branches  of  Industry,  he  will 
become  perfect  in  none ;  this  difficulty  will  be 
entirely  obviated  by  the  minute  division  of  la¬ 
bor  which  will  take  place,  and  by  assigning 
to  each  individual  of  a  Group  the  perform¬ 
ance  of  a  detail  of  the  work  with  which  it  is 
engaged.  In  a  Group  of  fruit-growers,  for 
example,  a  person  will  attend  to  the  grafting ; 
now  an  intelligent  person  can  learn  to  graft  as 
well  in  a  few  days  as  in  a  life-time,  and  his 
knowledge  in  this  branch  will  enable  him  to 
belong  to  several  Series  of  horticulturists. 
Thus,  while  changes  of  scene  and  company 
would  prevent  monotony  and  apathy,  the  same 
detail  of  a  work  would  be  performed.  A  skil¬ 
ful  turner  could  belong  to  Groups  of  chair- 
makers,  table-makers  and  musical  instrument- 
makers,  without  varying  materially  the  nature 
of  his  work ;  a  person  skilled  in  working  in 
leather  could  belong  to  the  Series  of  saddlers, 
glove-makers  and  shoe-makers,  and  the  part 
in  which  he  excelled,  might  be  performed  in 
each  of  these  branches  of  Industry. 

The  great  majority  of  agricultural  and  me¬ 
chanical  occupations  are  not  difficult  to  learn, 
and  in  addition,  as  children  would  receive 
in  Association  the  most  complete  practical  or 
industrial  Education — commencing  as  early  as 
the  age  of  four  and  five  years — they  would  ac¬ 
quire  with  perfect  ease  a  thorough  knowledge 
of,  and  great  dexterity  and  skill  in  various 
branches  of  Industry,  or  at  least  in  a  detail 
of  several  branches.  There  is  -not  a  gardener 
or  a  mechanic  that  does  not  execute  at  present 
twenty  different  kinds  of  work,  and  yet  no 
system  of  industrial  education  exists  in  society, 
and  no  strong  incentives  are  put  in  play  to 
induce  the  acquisition  of  superior  industrial 
skill  and  varied  scientific  acquirements. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  when  a 
Group  has  terminated  its  work,  and  left  its 
workshop  for  the  day,  another  Group  will 
come  in  and  continue  the  occupation  in  which 
it  was  engaged  with  the  same  tools.  In  some 
occupations  this  may  be  the  case,  when  the 
tools  or  machinery  are  of  that  character  that 
no  injury  can  be  sustained  from  being  used  or 
managed  by  different  persons,  as  in  ploughing, 
milling,  etc.,  when  one  Group  will  merely  re¬ 
lieve  another ;  but  in  general  when  the  tools 


<  and  work  come  more  directly  under  the  su- 
l  pervision  of  the  individual,  it  will  not  be  the 
i  case;  if  for  example  a  Group  of  carpenters 
l  quits  its  work  at  1 2  o’clock,  another  Group  of 
'/  carpenters  will  not  come  in  and  take  up  the 
\  same  work  and  use  its  tools ; — the  work  and 
|  tools  will  remain  as  left  until  the  same  Group 

returns  to,  and  resumes  its  occupations.  But, 

>  it  may  be  said :  here  are  tools  and  perhaps  a 
1  room  lying  idle — what  a  loss!  They  who 
i  raise  this  objection,  could  as  well  object  to  a 
/  person  having  books  and  paintings  in  his  pri- 
i  vate  apartments,  because  they  could  not  be 
|  seen  and  used  by  all.  An  economy  of  this 
$  kind  would  not  be  true  economy,  but  stinting 
\  parsimony,  which  Association  should  avoid. 

Suppose,  it  will  be  asked,  there  are  some 
l  lazy  persons  in  a  Group,  who,  although  they 

>  attend  regularly  its  meetings,  avoid  work  as 
much  as  possible:  what  will  be  done  in  such 

1  a  case  ?  They  will  be  informed  by  the  Se¬ 
cretary  of  the  Group  that  it  wishes  no  mem- 
I  bers  who  do  not  take  a  strong  interest  in  its 
|  branch  of  Industry,  and  feel  a  pride  in  its 
i  success,  its  prosperity  and  the  superiority  of 
j  its  products,  and  they  would  in  consequence 
j;  be  invited  to  withdraw.  Numerous  other  oc¬ 
cupations,  more  suited  to  their  tastes  and 
attractions,  and  which  would  awaken  their 
\  interest  and  call  out  their  energies,  would  be 
jl  open  to  them;  besides,  no  one  in  Association 
|  will  join  a  Group  without  a  decided  taste  and 
{  attraction  for  its  pursuits. 

There  is  another  regulation  which  we  will 
\  mention.  When  persons  apply  to  a  Series  for 

<  admission  as  members,  they  are  received  at 
\  first,  if  they  are  ignorant  of  its  branch  of  In- 
;  dustiy,  as  candidates  for  admission — as  learn- 
•  ers  or  apprentices,  and  they  must  go  through 
;  a  term  of  initiation  or  apprenticeship.  This 
\  apprenticeship  will  be  longer  or  shorter  ac- 
l  cording  as  the  work  is  more  or  less  difficult ; 
"  it  would  be  longer,  for  example,  in  a  Series 
l  of  watchmakers  than  in  a  Series  of  fruit- 

growers,  because  the  former  is  a  branch  of 
|  Industry  more  difficult  to  learn  than  the  latter. 
|  Persons  during  their  initiation  will  not  receive 
full  pay,  but  only  a  part  of  the  share  allotted 
to  Labor,  and  nothing  of  the  share  allotted  to 
i  Skill.  They  will  first  receive  an  eighth,  then 
l  a  quarter,  and  so  on  as  they  advance  and 
\  their  labor  becomes  productive.  This  will  be 
j  no  more  than  just,  as  their  labor  during  their 
apprenticeship  can  be  but  slightly  productive. 
Every  person  in  Association  will  be  paid  ac- 
)  cording  to  the  time  he  works,  and  the  skill 

I  with  which  he  works — or  in  other  words, 
according  to  the  Quantity  and  Quality  of  his 
work.  This  will  be  strict  Justice — of  which 
no  one  can  complain. 

It  may  be  estimated  that  the  seven-eighths 
\  of  occupations  in  Association  will  be  perform- 
\  ed  by  Groups,  and  one-eighth  by  Individuals 
\  working  isolatedly.  Many  branches  of  the 
s  Fine  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  some  delicate 
\  kinds  of  mechanical  work,  will  be  attended 
|  to  by  Individuals.  Painters,  musical  Com- 
\  posers  and  Poets,  will  work  probably  alone  at 
|  their  compositions,  devoting  whatever  time 


48 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


they  wish  to  them ;  but  even  in  the  Arts  and 
Sciences,  the  Groups  can  be  quite  extensively 
applied :  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  Medicine, 
and  all  Sciences  which  require  continued  re¬ 
search  and  experiments,  could  be  prosecuted 
far  more  successfully  by  Groups  than  by  iso¬ 
lated  individuals.  Some  departments  of  lite¬ 
rary  labor,  such  as  the  composition  of  dic¬ 
tionaries,  encyclopedias,  etc.,  would  be  per¬ 
formed  by  Groups;  even  in  painting,  they 
could  be  applied  to  a  considerable  extent; 
as  a  proof  we  know  that  Raphael  had  his 
works  laid  in  by  his  pupils,  and  parts  of  his 
pictures,  such  as  architecture,  musical  instru¬ 
ments  and  other  accessories,  were  often  exe¬ 
cuted  by  mher  artists. 

If  an  individual  were  engaged  in  some  iso- 
lated  occupation,  he  would  not  be  prevented 
from  taking  part  in  different  Series.  An  Ar¬ 
tist,  for  example,  will  rarely  wish  to  be  occu¬ 
pied  with  his  Art  more  than  six  hours  a  day, 
particularly  if  he  is  enthusiastically  devoted 
to  it,  and  applies  himself  with  ardor ;  he  will 
have  an  abundance  of  leisure,  and,  when  not 
engaged  in  his  favorite  occupation,  he  can 
take  part  in  the  active  pursuits  of  Industry. 
The  refreshing  exercise  of  the  body  will 
give  him  vigor  and  health,  so  necessary  to 
strengthen  the  intellect  and  give  brilliancy  to 
the  imagination ;  and  in  the  lovely  scenes  of 
nature  he  will  find  types  of  Harmony  and 
Beauty,  infinite  in  variety  and  number,  which 
to  the  poet  and  the  painter  are  endless  sources 
of  inspiration.  A  landscape  painter,  for  exam¬ 
ple,  belonging  to  some  of  the  Agricultural 
Series,  will  have  constant  opportunity  to  study 
the  forms,  colors  and  characters  of  the  trees, 
plants  and  flowers,  and  all  the  incidents  of  the 
landscape ;  he  will  have  living  Nature  before 
him  for  a  teacher,  and  when  he  returns  to  the 
canvass,  his  mind  will  be  filled  with  true 
images,  and  refreshed  by  the  loveliness  of  the 
scenes  with  which  he  has  mingled. 

In  an  Association  admission  to  the  Series 
will  be  open  to  all  the  members  without  ex¬ 
ception.  The  only  condition  that  will  be  re¬ 
quired  is,  that  the  applicant  shall  possess 
capacity  and  an  inclination  for  the  branch  of 
Industry  with  which  the  Series,  to  which  he 
or  she  applies  for  admission,  is  engaged;  this 
is  necessary  to  the  success,  reputation  and 
prosperity  of  the  Series:  it  could  not  admit 
lukewarm  members  or  persons  incapable  from 
accident  or  other  causes,  but  this  will  be  a 
rare  exception.  Admission  to  the  Series  being 
guarantied,  as  a  general  rule,  to  every  indivi¬ 
dual,  it  follows  that  constant  Occupation  and 
a  choice  of  Pursuits  will  be  extended  to  all. 
Association  will  thus  secure  to  Man  his  pri¬ 
mary  and  most  important  Right — the  Rtght 
of  Labor  or  Constant  Employment — which 
in  the  present  system  of  Society  he  does  not 
possess. 

Politicians  and  Statesmen,  in  their  contro¬ 
versies  about  the  Rights  of  Man,  have  over¬ 
looked  entirely  his  two  fundamental  and  pri¬ 
mary  Rights,  without  which  all  the  others 
avail  him  almost  nothing.  They  are : 

1st.  The  Right  of  the  Child  to  the  best  in¬ 


dustrial  and  scientific  Education  that  Society 
can  give. 

2d.  The  Right  of  Man  to  Labor  or  constant 
Employment. 

Man  was  placed  upon  the  earth  to  live,  and 
to  develope  the  high  moral  and  intellectual 
Powers — the  rich  and  varied  Faculties  and 
Talents  with  which  he  is  endowed — for  his 
individual  happiness  and  that  of  the  Race, 
and  to  make  the  earth  a  scene  of  a  high  and 
exalted  spiritual  Life.  Now  Education  and 
Labor  are  the  means  by  which  these  great 
ends  are  attained  ;  they  are  the  means  of  Ex¬ 
istence  and  intellectual  Development,  and  if 
the  Right  to  them  be  not  secured  to  Man,  he 
grows  up  an  ignorant  and  undeveloped  being, 
without  any  guarantee  against  poverty,  pri¬ 
vation  and  wretchedness. 

Table  of  the  Natural  Rights  of  Man. 

1.  Right  of  collecting  and  gathering  fruits  and 
other  products  of  Nature. 

2.  Right  of  Pasturage. 

3.  Right  of  Fishing. 

4.  Right  of  Hunting. 

5.  Internal  Federation. 

6.  Freedom  from  Anxiety. 

7.  External  Appropriation  (of  objects  out  of  the 
horde  or  clan). 

C  Minimum,  or  ample  sufficiency 

Pivotal  Rights.  <  of  food,  lodging,  clothing,  etc. 

(  Lieerty. 

These  Rights,  except  the  Minimum,  are 
possessed  by  Man  in  the  savage  State :  a  true 
Social  Order  should  secure  him  at  least  the 
equivalent  of  them — which  Civilized  Society 
does  nor  can  not. 

As  we  are  engaged  in  general  and  cursory 
remarks  upon  the  Series,  we  will  touch  very 
briefly  upon  the  question  of  a  division  of  pro¬ 
fits,  reserving  a  more  complete  explanation 
for  another  place. 

Suppose  the  labor  of  a  Group  is  estimated 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  general  set¬ 
tlement  takes  place,  to  be  worth  $6000.  This 
sum  will  be  divided  into  three  unequal  parts, 
as  follows: 

Three-twelfths,  or  $1500,  will  he  appro¬ 
priated  to  the  payment  of  the  interest  upon 
the  Stock  of  the  Association.  The  Members 
of  the  Group  will  receive  as  laborers  no  part 
of  this  sum.  (They  may,  however,  as  stock¬ 
holders.)  We  will  remark  that  the  Associa¬ 
tion  for  this  $1500  furnishes  the  Group  with 
land,  teams,  implements  and  everything  ne¬ 
cessary  to  the  prosecution  of  its  branch  of 
Industry. 

Seven-twelfths,  or  $3500,  will  be  paid  to 
manual  Labor. 

Two-twelfths,  or  $1000,  to  practical  and 
theoretical  Skill  .or  Talent. 

Thus  the  members  of  the  Group  will  re¬ 
ceive  nine-twelfths  of  the  whole  amount,  or 
$4500.  The  $1000,  or  two-twelfths,  will  be  di¬ 
vided  among  the  Officers  of  the  Group  and  the 
most  experienced  and  skilful  Members,  who, 
by  their  knowledge,  render  the  Labor  of  the 
Group  much  more  productive  than  it  would 
be,  if  it  were  not  directed  by  superior  Skill. 
The  $3500  allotted  to  manual  Labor,  will 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


49 


be  divided  among  all  the  Members,  the  Offi¬ 
cers  as  well  as  the  others,  according  to  the 
time  they  have  worked.  If  a  member  has 
been  absent  six  months,  or  one-half  the  work¬ 
ing  time  of  his  Group,  he  will  receive  but 
one-half  of  a  full  share ;  if  three  months  or  one 
quarter  of  the  time  he  will  receive  but  one 
quarter  of  a  share.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Group  will  keep  a  book  and  mark  the  absence 
of  any  member  at  the  meetings ;  if  a  person 
misses  even  a  day,  it  will  be  noted,  and  at  the 
yearly  settlement  a  proportionate  deduction 
will  be  made.  Thus  every  one  will  be  paid 
according  to  his  Labor — according  to  his  Skill 
— and  according  to  the  amount  of  Capital  in¬ 
vested  in  the  stock  of  the  Association. 

- o — • 

THREE  CONDITIONS  TO  BE  FULFILLED  IN  THE 
ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  SERIES. 


In  the  formation  and  distribution  of  Series, 
the  three  following  conditions  must  be  strictly 
observed : 

1st.  Compact  scale  among  Groups. 

2d.  Short  duration  of  occupations. 

3d.  Parcelled  exercise  in  occupations  and 
functions. 

We  will  first  examine  the  third  condition, 
which  consists  in  dividing  each  branch  of 
work  or  industry  into  as  many  parts  or  divi¬ 
sions,  as  it  will  admit  of.  A  Sub-group  is 
applied  to  each  division  of  the  work,  or  to 
each  of  its  minor  functions.  Let  us  take  as 
an  example  the  cultivation  of  a  fruit,  vege¬ 
table  or  flower;  it  will  answer  as  a  model  for 
other  occupations. 

The  Group  cultivating  it  has  a  diversity  of 
functions  to  perform,  which  we  will  divide 
into  three  categories. 

Tillage:  to  dig,  hoe,  manure  and  water 
the  earth,  are  so  many  different  functions, 
with  each  of  which  some  members  are  occu¬ 
pied,  but  not  the  entire  Group,  as  a  portion 
of  the  individuals  composing  it  would  have 
no  taste  for  the  exercise  of  all  these  functions. 

Moveables  and  Utensils :  care  of  tools  and 
implements,  arrangement  and  setting  of  awn¬ 
ings,  care  of  the  pavilion  and  the  working 
dresses,  which  are  deposited  in  it.  (Each 
Series  has  a  pavilion  near  the  grounds  it  cul¬ 
tivates.) 

Gathering  and  Reproduction :  gathering 
and  care  of  the  fruits,  vegetables  or  flowers, 
collecting  and  preserving  of  seed,  classifica¬ 
tion  and  labelling  of  varieties. 

Accessory  Function :  providing  refreshments 
and  other  minutiae.  Here  are  at  least  a  dozen 
distinct  functions.  No  member  would  wish 
to  attend  to  them  all ;  he  will  only  choose  one 
or  two,  or  three  at  the  most :  it  will  be  neces¬ 
sary  consequently  to  form  a  dozen  Sub-groups, 
devoted  to  each  of  these  different  occupations. 
As  Attractive  Industry  requires  a  minute  di¬ 
vision  of  labor — being  always  parcelled  and 
never  integral — we  should  be  certain  of  fa¬ 
tiguing  and  disgusting  the  members,  if  each 
of  them  had  to  attend  to,  and  oversee  the 

7 


I  whole  of  these  different  functions;  but  the 
Group,  if  composed  of  only  twelve  persons, 
could  easily  form  several  sub-groups,  each 
consisting  of  three,  four  or  five  individuals, 
with  an  inclination  for  one  or  more  branches 
{  of  the  work.  (The  same  individual  may  take 
i  a  part  in  several  Sub-groups,  occupied  conse- 
<  cutivelyr.) 

J  Let  us  examine  how  this  Parcelled  Exercise, 

!  or  minute  division  of  Labor,  will  excite  love 
^  and  enthusiasm  for  Industry,  and  give  perfec- 
(  tion  to  all  branches  of  work. 

Each  one  of  the  Sub-groups  will  be  ani- 
|  mated  by  a  strong  passion  for  the  parcel  or 
|  branch  of  Industry,  which  it  has  chosen,  and 
j  will  develope  in  its  exercise  the  dexterity  and 
l  intelligence  which  a  favorite  and  attractive 
/  occupation  always  calls  forth.  The  conse- 
<  quence  is,  that  each  of  the  Sub-groups  will 
j  depend  upon  the  others  giving  to  their  branches 
<  the  greatest  degree  of  perfection ;  each  will 
j!  say  to  the  others:  “We  will  take  the  great- 
;  est  possible  care  of  the  part  or  parcel  which 
<  we  have  chosen ;  take  the  same  care  of  yours, 
\  and  the  whole  will  be  perfect.” 

The  greater  the  extension  which  is  given  to 
\  this  Parcelled  Exercise,  applying  each  indivv 
\  dual  to  functions  which  he  prefers  and  in 

!  which  he  excels,  the  greater  will  be  the  con¬ 
fidence,  charm  and  friendship,  which  will 
animate  the  Group. 

Why  is  labor  such  a  task  in  civilized  So¬ 
ciety,  even  in  case  it  is  naturally  attractive? 
It  is  because  the  master  or  principal  is  obliged 
to  oversee  every  part  of  the  work.  This  is  a 
common  complaint  of  florists  forced  to  em¬ 
ploy,  for  the  laborious  part  of  the  work,  hired 

i  hands,  who  neglect  or  pilfer  the  seed  and 
roots,  if  the  care  of  planting  and  gathering  is 
confided  to  them,  and  who,  so  far  from  taking 
any  interest  in  the  work,  drag  it  along  slowly 
so  as  to  be  occupied  a  few  days  more.  Thus 
it  happens  that  a  man,  who  wishes  to  culti¬ 
vate  fruit  or  flowers,  becomes  disgusted ;  he 
is  aided  awkwardly  even  by  those  hired  per¬ 
sons  who  are  well  disposed ;  his  agricultural 
<  pursuits  become  for  him  a  source  of  care  and 
s  vexation,  besides  involving  the  risk  of  thefts. 
>.  There  is  an  instance  of  a  man  who  died  of 
>  despair,  because  all  the  fruit  of  a  garden, 
<  which  he  had  cultivated  himself,  was  stolen 
?  in  one  night,  just  as  it  was  ripening. 

|  Compare  with  the  disgusts  of  this  system 
\  of  frauds,  which  forms  a  part  of  civilized  So¬ 
il  ciety,  the  pleasures  of  Industry  exercised  in 
parcels  and  with  friendly  associates,  in  an  or- 
!:  der  of  things  where  thefts  and  frauds  are  im- 
\  possible ;  compare  with  the  vexatious  condi- 
|  tion  of  a  civilized  agriculturist,  the  pleasures 
and  satisfaction  of  the  several  Sub-groups, 
each  of  which,  sure  to  excel  in  its  favorite 
branch,  depends  upon  the  others  to  give  to 
their  parts  or  parcels  respectively  that  degree 
of  perfection  to  which  it  carries  its  own ;  and 
ij  decide  after  that,  whether  civilized  Industry 
|  is  compatible  with  the  nature  of  man,  who 
|  complains  with  reason  that  it  is  an  abyss  of 
|  deception,  anxiety  and  misfortune. 

This  system  of  Parcelled  Exercise  will  be  a 


50 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


source  of  great  perfection  and  elegance  in  In-  > 
dustry.  Each  of  the  Sub-groups  will  strive  to  j 
prove  to  the  others  that  it  is  a  worthy  co-  - 
operator,  and  they  will  vie  with  each  other 
in  giving  the  greatest  neatness  and  elegance  ; 
to  everything  connected  with  their  branches  j 
of  work — to  the  tools,  implements,  awnings, 
working  dresses  or  uniforms  of  Industry,  to  j 
the  workshops,  stables,  etc. ;  hence  will  arise  | 
individual  contributions  among  all  the  richer  | 
members  of  Groups  for  the  purpose  of  em-  j 
bellishing  and  beautifving  all  branches  of  In- 
dustry,  and  of  communicating  to  its  exercise  $ 
a  refinement  and  charm  that  will  excite  a 
strong  enthusiasm  for  it.  [W e  see  some  ex- 
amples  of  this  corporate  Spirit — this  love  of  ; 
corporate  elegance  in  Armies,  Fire  Compa-  \ 
nies  and  Boat  Clubs;  it  will  be  universal  in  \ 
the  Groups  and  Series  in  Association,  and  will  \ 
induce  the  wealthy  to  take  as  much  pride  in 
ornamenting  and  decorating  their  branches  of 
Industry  as  they  now  do  in  decorating  their  > 
residences.  The  love  of  elegance  and  display  < 
will  become  corporate  in  the  Combined  Or-  ? 
der,  whereas  at  present  it  is  exclusively  per -  s 
sonal  or  individual.']  > 

Parcelled  Exercise  will  connect  witji  Indus-  > 
try  a  double  charm : — it  will,  first,  charm  the  j 
Senses  by  the  elegance  and  display  which  it  \ 
will  give  to  all  branches  of  work;  and,  se-  j 
cond,  charm  the  Mind  bv  the  enthusiasm  j 
which  it  will  excite  in  each  Sub-group,  de-  i 
lighted  to  be  able  to  pursue  its  favorite  branch 
of  work  or  function,  with  the  certainty  that  \ 
the  others  will  be  exercised  by  intelligent  col-  ;; 
leagues. 

With  the  aid  of  Parcelled  Exercise,  or  a  \ 
minute  division  of  Labor,  we  shall  see  a  ma-  j 
jority  of  women  have  a  taste  for  domestic  j 
occupations,  for  which  they  feel  at  present  a  $ 
repugnance.  A  woman  who  does  not  like  the  j 
care  of  children,  will  take  part  in  a  Group  $ 
devoted  to  some  branch  of  sewing;  another 
who  detests  cooking,  may  have  a  taste  for  > 
the  preparation  of  sweet-meats ;  she  will  join  s 
the  Group  occupied  with  this  department,  in  \ 
which  she  may  excel  and  become  the  pre-  j 
siding  officer,  having  nothing  to  do  with  other  \ 
branches  of  kitchen  occupations.  Women,  in  j 
their  household  work,  now  meet  only  with  j 
trouble  and  vexation ;  and  men,  in  their  busi-  j 
ness,  with  frauds  and  disgust.  No  wonder 
that  all  have  an  aversion  for  occupations,  \ 
which  it  is  their  natural  destiny  to  fulfil.  \ 

COMPACT  SCALE  AMONG  GROUPS. 

The  principal  effect  of  the  Compact  Scale  l 
in  the  mechanism  of  the  Series,  is  to  excite  \ 
emulative  rivalry  between  Groups,  cultivating  > 
species  near  enough  alike  to  excite  hesitation  j 
%nd  indecision  in  the  opinion  of  judges  as  to  i 
superior  excellence,  and  admit  of  active  efforts  i 
on  the  part  of  Groups  for  superiority. 

W e  will  not  see  three  Groups  cultivating  j 
three  varieties  of  a  species  of  pear  or  other  \ 
fruit  agree ;  these  Groups,  devoted  to  similar  \ 
varieties,  are  rivals,  who  differ  in  taste  and 
hi  their  pretensions.  This  emulative  rivalry  j 
Hill  always  animate  Groups  occupied  with  \ 


varieties  or  kinds  very  nearly  alike  in  the  ani¬ 
mal,  vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms;  the 
Compact  Scale  with  the  emulation  it  pro¬ 
duces,  must  be  extended  to  all  occupations 
of  Science,  Fine  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  in 
fact  to  all  our  relations. 

These  emulative  rivalries  cannot  take  place 
between  Groups  occupied  with  distinct  varie¬ 
ties —  between  Groups,  for  example,  culti« 
vating  the  pippin  and  the  bow  apple.  There 
exists  between  these  two  kinds  of  apples  too 
great  a  difference  to  cause  any  hesitation  on 
the  part  of  judges ;  they  would  say  that  both 
were  good,  but  not  near  enough  alike  to  ad¬ 
mit  of  comparison;  consequently,  emulation 
and  corporate  spirit  will  not  be  aroused  be¬ 
tween  the  two  Groups  engaged  in  their  culti¬ 
vation. 

It  is  necessary  in  all  Series,  therefore,  what¬ 
ever  may  be  their  occupations,  to  form  a  scale 
of  functions,  contiguous  in  shades  or  varieties ; 
this  constitutes  the  Compact  Scale,  or  Scale 
of  closely  compared  varieties. 

This  is  a  sure  means  of  giving  an  active 
development  to  the  passion  of  Emulation — of 
carrying  all  products  to  a  high  degree  of  per¬ 
fection — of  exciting  an  extreme  ardor  in  all 
branches  of  work,  and  a  great  intimacy  among 
the  members  of  each  Group. 

SHORT  OCCUPATIONS. 

We  examine  this  condition  last,  because  it 
is  the  means  of  sustaining  the  other  two. 
Without  a  frequent  change  of  occupations,  it 
would  be  impossible  to  keep  alive  the  enthu¬ 
siasm  and  emulation  which  arise  from  a 
Parcelled  Exercise  in  Industry,  and  from  Com¬ 
pactness  of  Scale.  It  prevents  satiety  and 
monotony,  and  varies  occupations  before  their 
continuance  produces  slackness  and  disgust. 

Short  occupations  of  an  hour  and  a  half  or 
two  hours  at  the  most,  would  enable  every 
individual  to  take  part  in  several  occupations 
during  the  course  of  the  day,  and  vary  them 
by  joining  other  Groups  the  day  following. 
This  method  is  the  desire  of  a  powerful  pas¬ 
sion  implanted  in  man,  which  impels  him  to 
Variety  and  Change,  and  to  the  avoiding  of 
excesses — a  defect  which  is  constantly  atten¬ 
dant  upon  all  occupations  in  civilized  Society. 
A  labor  is  now  prolonged  for  six  hours,  a  ban¬ 
quet  for  six  hours,  a  ball  during  the  entire 
night,  at  the  expense  of  sleep  and  health. 

We  insist  upon  the  importance  of  change 
and  the  necessity  of  short  and  varied  occupa¬ 
tions.  This  principle  condemns  entirely  the 
present  system  of  Industry:  let  us  examine 
its  effects  in  a  material  and  an  intellectual  or 
passional  point  of  view. 

Materially  Short  Occupations  produce  an 
equilibrium  of  health,  which  is  necessarily  in¬ 
jured  if  a  man  devotes  himself  for  twelve 
hours  to  a  uniform  labor,  such  as  weaving, 
sewing  or  writing,  or  any  other  which  does 
not  exercise  successively  all  the  parts  of  the 
body,  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.  In  case 
of  a  continued  application  to  one  occupation, 
active  labor,  like  that  of  agriculture,  is  inju¬ 
rious  as  well  as  sedentary  labor,  such  as  of- 


BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY  TO  BE  PROSECUTED, 


51 


fice  duties;  one  overburthens  the  members  > 
and  viscera,  and  the  other  vitiates  the  solids  ; 
and  fluids.  \ 

The  derangement  is  increased  if  this  ac-  ^ 
five  or  sedentary  labor  be  continued  for  en-  > 
tire  months  and  years.  We  see  in  many 
countries  an  eighth  of  the  laboring  popu¬ 
lation  affected  with  hernia,  besides  fevers, 
produced  from  excess  of  labor  and  bad  food. 
Divers  kinds  of  manufactures,  like  chemicals, 
glass,  steel  and  even  cloths,  cause  the  death 
of  the  laborer,  simply  from  their  protracted 
exercise.  He  would  be  exempt  from  danger, 
if  the  condition  of  Short  Occupations  were 
applied  to  those  branches,  and  if  they  were 
carried  on  for  two  hours  at  a  time,  and  only 
two  or  three  times  a  week. 

The  rich  classes,  for  want  of  this  diversity 
of  occupations,  fall  into  other  diseases,  like 
apoplexy  and  the  gout,  which  are  unknown 
to  the  poor  laborer.  Obesity  or  excess  of 
flesh,  so  common  among  the  rich,  denotes  a 
radical  vice  in  the  equilibrium  of  health — a 
system  contrary  to  nature  in  occupations  as 
well  as  in  pleasures.  The  health  of  man  is 
promoted  by  this  perpetual  variety  of  functions 
which,  exercising  successively  all  parts  of  the 
body,  all  faculties  of  the  mind,  maintains  ac-  ; 
tivity  and  equilibrium. 

Intellectually,  Short  Occupations  pro-  j 
mote  the  accord  of  characters  which  are  na-  j 
turally  antipathetic:  for  example,  A  and  B  j 
are  two  persons  of  incompatible  tastes,  but  it  ] 
happens  that  among  a  large  number  of  Groups  ! 
which  A  frequents,  there  are  a  third  in  which  j 
his  interests  coincide  with  those  of  B,  and  in  ! 
which  the  tastes  of  B,  although  opposed  to  | 
his,  are  of  advantage  to  him.  The  same  is  5 
the  case  with  the  tastes  of  B  as  respects  A.  < 
Consequently,  without  friendship  existing  be-  < 
tween  them,  they  are  courteous  to  and  esteem  ? 
each  other.  < 

Thus  interest,  which  separates  friends  at  < 
present,  will  unite  even  enemies  in  the  Com-  \ 
bined  Order;  it  conciliates  antipathetic  cha-  j 
racters  by  indirect  co-operation,  which  arises  j 
from  connections  and  changes  of  functions,  j 
produced  by  short  occupations.  i 

It  is  with  the  aid  of  a  Passion  in  Man  ] 
which  has  been  most  condemned — the  love  \ 
of  change — that  we  shall  solve  those  problems  j 
which  have  so  long  baffled  human  wisdom. 
What  an  error  has  been  committed  in  not  j 
going  into  a  calculation  of  the  importance  of  j 
Short  Occupations  in  Industry  and  all  other  j 
pursuits,  and  the  results  which  they  would  j 
produce!  We  must  be  blind  to  Nature  and  \ 
to  palpable  evidence  to  deny  this  want  of  \ 
change  and  variety,  which  we  see  so  essential  \ 
even  in  material  matters.  Any  enjoyment  \ 
which  is  continued  for  too  long  a  time,  be-  \ 
comes  an  abuse,  blunts  the  senses  and  destroys  \ 
its  pleasure ;  a  repast  continued  for  hours  will  l 
not  be  terminated  without  excesses ;  an  opera  \ 
of  four  hours  duration  will  end  by  becoming  > 
insipid  to  the  hearer.  Periodical  variety  is  a  < 
want  of  the  soul  as  well  as  of  the  body. — 
Extract  from  Fourier's  work — “  The  New  In -  < 
dustrial  World*' 


BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY  TO  BE 
PROSECUTED. 


The  only  real  Wealth  is  Labor  :  everything:  els« 
is  but  the  sign  or  abuse  of  it. 

Lemontey. 


In  an  Association  of  four  or  five  hundred 
\  persons,  fifty  Series,  engaged  in  as  many 
J  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  could 
be  established,  and  this  is  the  smallest  num- 

>  ber  of  Series  with  which  an  Association  can 
l  be  properly  organized.  With  fifty  Series  the 
\  choice  of  a  variety  of  pursuits  can  be  offered 

to  all — occupations  can  be  frequently  varied, 
|  employment  at  all  seasons  secured,  and  the 
industrial  tastes,  inclinations  and  capacities 
I  sufficiently  satisfied  to  produce  social  Con- 
|  cord  and  Harmony. 

>  With  eighteen  hundred  persons,  four  hun- 
|  dred  Series  can  be  organized,  and  with  this 
■>  number  all  varieties  of  tastes  and  inclinations, 

>  and  all  shades  of  talent  and  genius  can  be  sa- 
l  tisfied,  and  the  broadest  field  of  action  thrown 
■  open  to  human  activity.  It  may  appear  strange 

that  with  eighteen  hundred  persons,  we  can 
;  organize  four  hundred  Series,  while  with  four 

>  hundred  persons  we  can  organize  but  fifty: 

\  the  reason  is,  because  as  we  increase  in  num- 

>  bers  we  increase  in  combinations.  We  have 
;  far  more  combinations  with  the  number  8 

>  than  with  the  number  4,  although  the  former 
|  is  only  double  the  latter. 

An  Association  is  a  Phalanx  or  a  Series  of 
!  Series,  as  a  piano-forte  is  a  Series  of  octaves ; 
j  and  we  can  no  more  have  social  Harmony  with- 
;  out  a  sufficient  number  of  Series,  than  we  can 
;  have  musical  Harmony  without  a  sufficient 
j  number  of  octaves.  The  Science  of  Associa- 
;  tion  consists  in  forming,  organizing  and  deve- 
|  loping  with  accord  and  order  a  Phalanx  of 
;  Series,  and  of  applying  them  to  the  following 
;  seven  fundamental  branches  of  human  Acti- 
:  vity: — 1st.  Domestic  Occupations;  2d.  Agri- 
;  culture;  3d.  Manufactures;  4th.  Commerce; 
5th.  Education ;  6th.  Study  and  application  of 
the  Sciences;  7th.  Study  and  application  of 
the  Fine  Arts. 

To  organize  fifty  Series,  four  hundred  per¬ 
sons,  as  we  said,  are  necessary,  and  this  is  the 
reason  why  four  hundred  is  the  smallest  num¬ 
ber  with  which  an  Association  can  be  rightly 
organized,  and  Social  Harmony  and  Unity  at¬ 
tained.  An  Association,  in  which  the  Groups 
and  Series  are  not  introduced,  cannot  properly 
be  called  an  Association;  it  is  an  aggregation 
of  individuals  without  organization.  Hence 
the  establishments  founded  by  the  Shakers, 
Rappites,  O  wenites,  etc.,  do  not  merit  properly 
the  name  of  Associations. 

We  will  now  proceed  to  enumerate  the 
branches  of  Industry  which  we  would  recom¬ 
mend  for  a  small  Association  in  which  fifty 
Series  are  organized.  Location  and  climate 
will,  of  course,  require  various  modifications. 

Manufactures  and  mechanics  should  not 
occupy  more  than  a  third  or  quarter  of  the 
time  of  the  members.  “  Nature,”  says  Fou¬ 
rier,  “  has  given  to  man  a  degree  of  attraction 


52 


BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY  TO  BE  PROSECUTED. 


ror  manufacturing  labor,  which  corresponds  to 
a  quarter  of  the  time  that  he  should  devote  to 
Industry.”  If  the  founders  of  an  Association 
were  to  make  manufactures  the  principal  oc¬ 
cupation,  they  would  fail  in  rendering  Industry 
Attractive,  and  would  ruin  their  enterprise. 
In  establishing  the  first  Association  great  care 
must  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  manufac¬ 
tures  to  choose  those  which  are  the  most  at¬ 
tractive,  and  they  must  be  diversified  in  cha¬ 
racter,  so  as  to  be  suited  to  different  ages  and 
both  sexes. 

W e  may  estimate  that  there  should  be  in 
an  Association  of  fifty  Series,  about — 

8  Series  devoted  to  the  care  of  Animals. 

22  Series  to  Agriculture. 

10  Series  to  Manufactures  and  Mechanics. 

4  Series  to  Art,  Science  and  Education. 

6  Series  to  Household  or  Domestic  Labor. 

Series  engaged  in  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

1  Series  with  horses. 

1  “  “  horned  cattle. 

1  “  “  hogs. 

2  “  “  poultry. 

1  “  “  doves. 

1  “  “  fish  in  streams,  ponds  and  re- 

servoi  rs. 

1  Series  with  singing  birds  and  birds  of 
beautiful  plumage. 

The  raising  of  singing  birds  in  large  and 
elegant  cages,  spacious  enough  to  contain 
bushes  and  shrubbery,  would  furnish  a  pleas¬ 
ing  and  attractive  occupation,  suitable  for  all 
ages,  and  valuable  as  a  school  of  ornithology 
for  children. 

Series  engaged  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 

The  vegetable  Kingdom  furnishes  species 
and  varieties  of  species  of  fruits,  flowers  and 
vegetables  in  great  abundance;  the  number 
of  agricultural  Series  which  we  have  pointed 
out  is  very  small,  and  should  if  possible  be 
increased.  The  Green-houses  will  require  at 
least  two  Series.  We  will  lay  down  a  few 
general  instructions  without  entering  into  an 
enumeration  of  the  particular  species  which 
might  be  cultivated. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  cultivate  as  many 
varieties  as  possible  of  each  species  of  vegeta¬ 
ble,  rather  than  different  species.  Instead,  fofr 
example,  of  cultivating  two  varieties  of  the 
sugar  pear,  three  varieties  of  the  bergamot, 
and  two  varieties  of  the  winter  pear,  the  pro¬ 
per  course  would  be  to  cultivate  seven  varie¬ 
ties  of  the  bergamot  alone,  or  of  that  species 
which  thrives  best  upon  the  lands  of  the  As¬ 
sociation. 

The  Association  should  raise  large  quanti¬ 
ties  of  fruit,  for  its  cultivation  is  both  attrac¬ 
tive  and  profitable,  and  adapted  to  the  labor 
of  men,  women  and  children ;  the  preserving 
of  it  will  also  furnish  an  extremely  pleasing 
and  lucrative  occupation  for  the  Series  of  con¬ 
fectioners. 

The  peach,  the  pear,  the  apple  and  the 
larger  fruits  generally,  would  occupy  the  at¬ 
tention  principally  of  grown  persons  of  both 


sexes,  although  children  could  attend  to  va¬ 
rious  minor  details.  The  currant,  raspberry, 
strawberry  and  all  the  smaller  fruits,  would 
occupy  children,  with  a  few  experienced  per¬ 
sons  as  directors. 

“Nature,”  says  Fourier,  “must  have  cal¬ 
culated  upon  an  extended  employment  of  chil¬ 
dren  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  for  she  has 
created  in  great  abundance  little  fruits,  vege¬ 
tables  and  shrubbery,  which  should  occupy 
the  child  and  not  the  grown  person.  The 
greater  portion  of  our  gardens  is  composed 
of  little  plants,  which  are  adapted  to  the  la¬ 
bor  of  children.  The  whole  system  of  agri¬ 
culture  is  now  deranged  by  the  exclusion  of 
women  and  children  from  its  occupations,  to 
whom  Nature  assigns  so  important  a  part. 
Man  is  now  obliged  to  abandon  those  branches 
of  agriculture  which  are  specially  designed  for 
him — the  three  principal  ones  of  which  are: 
Works  of  Irrigation,  Care  of  Forests, 
Cultivation  of  Grains,  tie  cannot  in  the 
present  Social  Order  devote  himself  to  the 
two  first  branches,  because  he  is  occupied  in 
works  which  belong  properly  to  Women  and 
Children,  such  as  the  care  of  small  domestic 
animals,  of  poultry,  the  gardens,  etc. — cares 
from  which  he  should  be  relieved  by  those 
two  classes.” 

Flowers  should  be  extensively  cultivated, 
not  only  because  they  are  a  source  of  charm 
in  Industry,  an  ornament  to  the  fields  and 
gardens,  and  will  furnish  attractive  occupa¬ 
tions  to  Groups  of  Florists,  and  others  engaged 
in  the  preparation  of  perfumery,  but  because 
their  cultivation  will  be  an  agricultural  School 
for  Children.  “  The  interest  which  Children 
will  take  in  their  industrial  pursuits,  exercised 
in  little  Groups,  will  early  accustom  them,” 
observes  Fourier,  “  to  a  speculating  or  investi 
gating  turn  of  mind.  Thought  and  observa¬ 
tion  are  very  necessary  in  the  cultivation  of 
flowers.  What  is  more  difficult  to  raise  to 
perfection  than  the  jonquil,  the  narcissus,  the 
tulip,  the  varieties  of  the  rose  and  hyacinth  ? 
If  Nature  requires  so  much  knowledge  in  the 
care  of  these  flowers,  it  is  because  she  wishes 
to  accustom  the  minds  of  children,  who  have 
a  taste  for  their  cultivation,  to  a  habit  of  ex¬ 
amination  and  reflection.  Association  will 
never  give  to  the  child  any  simple  or  one¬ 
sided  instruction.  It  will  only  initiate  it  into 
one  Science  by  combining  that  Science  with 
practical  notions  previously  acquired  in  diffe¬ 
rent  branches  of  Industry,  particularly  in  agri¬ 
culture,  carpentry  and  masonry.” 

We  would  advise  that  in  the  first  Associa¬ 
tion — unless  it  is  too  distant  from  a  market 
for  its  fruits  and  vegetables  —  the  heavier 
branches  of  agriculture,  such  as  the  cultiva¬ 
tion  of  grain,  should  receive  but  little  atten¬ 
tion.  The  rule  to  be  followed  in  the  com¬ 
mencement  is  to  choose  the  most  attractive 
branches  of  Industry,  or  those  which  are  natu¬ 
rally  the  most  pleasing.  The  grand  object 
of  the  first  Association  is  to  render  Industry 
Attractive ,  and  profit  and  other  considera¬ 
tions  should  be  made  subservient  to  that 
aim. 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


53 


Series  engaged  in  Manufactures.  { 

In  the  choice  of  Manufactures,  care  must  \ 
be  taken  to  make  a  selection  suited  to  the  ] 
tastes  and  capacities  of  both  sexes  and  all  / 
ages,  and  to  reserve  to  each  a  part  of  the  lu-  $ 
crative  branches.  A  great  many  details,  re-  jj 
lating  to  the  selection  of  manufactures,  could  j 
be  given,  but  as  they  would  not  be  interesting  < 
to  readers  in  general,  we  will  omit  them. 

We  recommend  the  following  branches  of  \ 
Manufactures  for  the  first  Association. 

Attractive  Branches  of  Manufactures.  < 

1  Series  occupied  with  Confectionary; —  $ 
suited  to  women  and  girls.  < 

1  Series  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  Mu- 
sical  instruments ; — suited  to  men,  women  and  ;> 
children.  \ 

1  Series  occupied  with  the  Dairy ;  — suited  < 
to  men,  women  and  children. 

1  Series  engaged  in  Cabinet-making ; — suit- 
ed  to  men  and  boys.  \ 

Useful  and  necessary  branches  of  Manufac-  > 

tures.  <! 

1  Series  of  workers  in  wood — Carpenters,  j 
Wagon-makers,  Turners. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  leather — Saddlers,  l 
Shoemakers,  Glove-makers. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  metals — Blacksmiths,  i 
Locksmiths,  Tinsmiths. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  cloths  and  other  ; 
stuffs — Tailors,  Milliners,  Hatters. 

1  Series  of  Printers  and  Bookbinders. 

I  Series  of  Goldsmiths  and  Jewellers. 

> 

Series  devoted  to  the  Arts,  Sciences  and 

Education.  ] 

1  Series  of  Doctors,  Dentists,  Nurses. 

1  Series  of  Teachers. — This  Series  will  in-  ') 
elude  Instructors  in  the  different  branches  of  j 
Industry,  as  well  as  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  > 

2  Series  devoted  to  Music.  \ 

The  Association  should  take  great  pains  to  \ 
have  a  fine  orchestra.  The  refining  and  ele-  i 
vating  influence  of  this  most  beautiful  branch  > 
of  harmony  will,  in  Association,  be  precious, 
and  all  those  who  have  a  taste  for  it  should  ] 
be  induced  to  join  these  Series. 

Series  devoted  to  Household  or  Domestic  \ 
Labor.  ] 

2  Series  of  Cooks.  $ 

1  Series  of  Laundresses. 

1  Series  of  Housekeepers,  or  persons  having 
the  care  and  supervision  of  the  private  apart-  t 
ments. 

1  Series  engaged  in  a  variety  of  minor  em- 
ployments — such  as  supervision  of  the  build-  : 
ing  at  night,  care  of  fires,  baths,  etc.  etc.  ; 

1  Series  of  Pages. 

The  Series  of  Pages  will  be  composed  of 
young  persons  of  both  sexes,  under  the  age  ; 
of  fifteen,  who  will  perform  various  branches  > 
of  domestic  service.  Some  of  the  branches  \ 
will  be  done  by  boys  and  some  by  girls  ex-  > 
clusively,  and  some  by  both  together,  like  \ 


waiting  upon  the  tables.  This  Series  will 
comprise  so  many  members  that  each  will  be 
engaged  but  a  small  portion  of  his  or  her  time 
in  the  performance  of  its  duties.  The  Pages 
will  serve  the  Association  and  not  the  Indivi¬ 
dual,  and  in  this  character  their  service  will 
be  considered  honorable,  as  is  that  of  a  Na¬ 
tion,  the  Officers  of  which  are  proud  to  call 
themselves  public  servants.”  To  serve  and 
wait  upon  friends  is  a  pleasure,  and  no  one 
feels  demeaned  by  the  act,  and  to  serve  a  col¬ 
lective  or  corporate  Body  becomes  at  once  an 
honorable  and  elevated  duty ; — it  is  indivi¬ 
dual  dependence  and  service  only  which  are 
repulsive  and  degrading,  and  even  this  kind 
of  service  may  be  rendered  honorable  and  be¬ 
come  attractive,  as  we  perceive  in  the  case  of 
pages  and  maids  of  honor  in  Royal  families. 

Isolated  Groups. 

There  will  be  some  single  Groups,  devoted 
to  functions  which  do  not  require  the  atten¬ 
tion  of  a  Series.  For  example: 

1  Group  of  Book-keepers. 

1  Group  of  Commission  Merchants,  having 
the  charge  of  the  sales  and  purchases  of  the 
Association. 

1  Group  having  the  care  of  the  library, 
reading-rooms,  gallery  of  art  and  the  scientific 
collections. 

There  will  be  also  some  single  Groups  en¬ 
gaged  in  industrial  pursuits. 

1  Group  devoted  to  the  care  of  Bees. 

1  Group  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  Per¬ 
fumery. 

- o - 

ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND 
SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 

REASONS  WHY  THEY  RENDER  INDUSTRY  AT¬ 
TRACTIVE. 


We  have  said  that  Industry  will  be  Attrac¬ 
tive  when  prosecuted  by  Groups  and  Series 
of  Groups,  but  it  must  not  be  understood  that 
the  Attraction  which  Man  will  have  for  In¬ 
dustry,  and  the  delight  which  he  will  take  in 
its  exercise,  when  prosecuted  according  to  the 
Serial  Method,  will  arise  from  the  mere  me¬ 
chanism  or  external  organization  of  the  Groups 
and  Series;  it  will  not,  but  from  their  adapt¬ 
ation  to  human  Nature,  and  the  complete  sa¬ 
tisfaction  which  they  will  give  to  the  instincts, 
tastes  and  sentiments  in  Man.  The  Groups 
and  Series  will  allow  and  elicit  a  free  and  full 
expansion  and  development  of  all  the  true  and 
noble  passions,  sentiments,  attractions  and  in¬ 
stincts  in  the  Soul,  which  seek  restlessly  some 
means  of  manifestation  and  satisfaction,  and 
will,  in  opening  to  them  outlets  or  a  broad 
field  of  action  in  the  useful  and  noble  sphere 
of  Industry,  and  the  means  of  gratification  in 
its  exercise,  attract  Man  to  it,  and  induce  him 
to  engage  voluntarily  and  ardently  in  its  pur¬ 
suits. — Thus  the  Serial  organization  will  ren¬ 
der  Industry  Attractive  by  directing  the  Pa&* 


54 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


sions,  such  as  ambition,  friendship,  the  desire 
of  fortune  and  others,  to  Industry,  and  by  satis¬ 
fying  them  in  its  exercise.  Let  us  explain  this. 

Man  loves  Nature :  there  is  an  intimate  co¬ 
relation,  correspondency  or  analogy  between 
Nature  and  the  human  Soul — or  between  the 
Instincts,  Feelings,  Sentiments  and  Tastes  of 
the  Soul,  and  the  Creations  in  the  animal, 
vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms,  in  all  their 
infinite  and  varied  beauty.  With  the  fruits 
and  the  flowers,  and  the  thousand-fold  useful 
and  lovely  products  of  the  earth  and  the  living 
creatures  which  inhabit  it,  Man  is  linked  and 
conjoined  in  a  way  that  attracts  and  attaches 
him  sympathetically  to  them.  He  is  drawn 
to  them  by  a  strong  and  mysterious  attraction, 
the  nature  of  which  he  does  not  comprehend. 
He  delights  in  communing  and  commingling 
with,  in  caring  for,  in  cultivating,  rearing,  de¬ 
veloping,  perfecting  and  in  working  the  thou¬ 
sand  varied  and  beautiful  creations  of  Nature 
— the  fruits,  the  flowers,  the  animals  and  the 
metals — and  the  Activity  or  Labor,  which  is 
necessary  to  do  all  this,  constitutes  the  Exer¬ 
cise  of  Industry .  Now  this  Activity,  this 
Labor — that  is  Industry,  which  is  from  its 
nature  essentially  Attractive,  will  become  so, 
when  its  mode  of  prosecution  does  not  violate 
essential  desires,  sentiments  and  requirements 
of  human  Nature ; — when,  for  example,  it  does 
not  violate  the  Social  Sentiments,  which  re¬ 
quire  congenial  companionship,  by  being  pro¬ 
secuted  alone  and  solitarily; — when  it  does 
not  violate  the  sentiment  of  Friendship,  which 
requires  sympathy  of  character,  by  being  pro¬ 
secuted  in  company  with  persons  whom  we 
regard  with  indifference  or  dislike  ; — when  it 
does  not  violate  the  passion  Ambition,  which 
requires  distinction,  elevation  and  the  just  re¬ 
ward  of  merit,  by  being  prosecuted  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  be  degrading  and  dishonorable ; 
— when  it  does  not  violate  the  desire  of  riches 
or  temporal  comforts,  which  are  necessary  to 
independence,  health  and  the  satisfaction  of 
the  material  wants,  by  being  prosecuted  in  a 
way  that  subjects  the  Laborer  to  poverty,  de¬ 
pendency  and  privation; — when  it  does  not 
violate  the  desire  of  change  and  variety  in 
occupations,  by  being  confined  to  one  kind  of 
labor,  and  prolonged  so  excessively  as  to  ex¬ 
haust  body  and  mind. 

The  Creations  in  the  animal,  vegetable  and 
mineral  Kingdoms,  delight  the  Senses  of  man 
and  minister  to  his  Wants.  Some  with  their 
beautiful  forms  and  colors,  charm  his  sense  of 
sight;  some  with  their  delicate  and  fragrant 
perfumes,  please  his  sense  of  smell ;  some 
with  their  luscious  flavors,  delight  his  sense 
of  taste ;  some  with  their  pliant  softness,  their 
genial  warmth  or  refreshing  coolness,  gratify 
his  sense  of  touch ;  some  produce  melodious 
vibrations  of  sound,  which  ravish  the  sense 
of  hearing; — and  all  serve  collectively  to  mi¬ 
nister  to  his  Comfort  and  Health. 

Thus  the  beautiful  objects  of  Nature  appeal 
to  Man  and  entice  and  attract  him  to  the 
work  of  producing,  developing  and  perfecting 
them — that  is,  to  the  great  work  of  Industry, 
and  he  would  engage  with  ardor  and  delight 


|  in  it,  if,  from  the  manner  of  conducting  it,  the 
j  violations  of  the  passions,  as  above  described, 

<  did  not  take  place. 

I  The  reflecting  mind  must  see  from  these 
/  general  remarks,  that  the  Repugnance  of  In- 

<  dustry  does  not  arise  from  the  Labor  which  is 
\  connected  with  Industry,  but  solely  from  the 
s  manner  in  which  it  is  prosecuted,  and  the  cir - 

cumstances  attendant  upon  it. 

;>  To  show  more  clearly  how  the  mechanism 
<j  of  the  Groups  and  Series  is  adapted  to  the 

>  nature  of  Man,  and  will,  by  satisfying  the 
|  Passions  in  the  exercise  of  Industry,  render  it 
|  Attractive,  we  will  enter  into  a  slight  exa- 
\  mination  of  some  of  those  springs  of  Action 
\  in  the  human  Soul. 

>  W e  find  in  Man  certain  spiritual  or  moral 
\  impulses,  springs  of  action  or  moving  powers, 
]  which  are  variously  termed  sentiments,  feel- 
'  ings,  instincts,  tastes  and  passions : — we  give 

to  them  the  general  name  of  Passions. 

$  Among  them  we  find  : 

1st.  The  Five  Senses  —  Sight,  Hearing, 
::  Taste,  Smell  and  Touch.  Through  them 
|  Man  communicates  with  the  outward  world, 
;  and  is  charmed  and  stimulated  to  action  by 
i  its  external  or  material  Beauties  and  Harmo- 
^  nies: — harmonies  of  forms,  lines  and  colors  ; 
l  harmonies  of  sounds,  perfumes  and  flavors, 

>  which  are  Types  of  original  spiritual  harmo- 
•’  nies  that  exist  in  the  human  soul. 

2d.  The  Moral  and  Social  Sentiments— 

</  such  as  Ambition,  Friendship,  Love,  Pater- 

<  nity  or  Family  Affection,  Emulation,  etc. 

s  3d.  Natural  Tastes  or  Instincts  for  In- 

<  dustry,  Art  and  Science.  Every  individual 
;  has  more  or  less  of  these  tastes  or  instincts, 
;  which  lead  him  to  engage  with  pleasure  in 
l  particular  occupations,  but  they  are  almost 
\  completely  smothered  by  our  false  and  im- 
\  perfect  systems  of  education,  and  are  not 
|  available  with  our  wretched  system  of  In- 
\  dustry. 

Whenever  Man  by  the  performance  of  an 
5  Act,  Deed,  Work  or  Function,  can  satisfy  any 
/  of  the  Passions,  he  performs  it  with  more  or 
^  less  ardor,  according  as  the  passion  is  stronger 
j  or  weaker.  It  is  to  satisfy  Ambition  that  the 
]  Warrior  exposes  himself  to  death,  and  under- 
/  goes  the  severest  fatigue  and  the  greatest. 
\  privations.  But  War  opens  an  avenue  to 

>  distinction,  rank  and  fortune,  and  its  ar- 
\  duous,  dangerous  and  repulsive  pursuits,  be- 
'  come  in  consequence  Attractive.  It  is  Ambi¬ 
tion,  with  a  mixture  of  Party-spirit  or  false 

|  Emulation,  which  induces  the  Politician  to  sit 

<  tedious  hours  day  after  day  in  Legislative 
|  Halls,  engaged  in  stale  formalities  and  trifling 
|  controversies,  and  to  stoop  to  underhanded 
\  intrigues ;  but  he  obtains  distinction  by  these 
\  means,  and  undergoes  willingly  the  irksome 
\  and  demeaning  tasks.  It  is  the  desire  of  For- 

<  tune  which  induces  the  Merchant  to  encoun- 

I'  ter  the  risks,  cares  and  anxieties  that  are  con¬ 
nected  with  commercial  life,  but  how  lightly 
are  they  considered,  as  Fortune  is  the  prize! 
With  regard  to  the  influence  which  the  Senses 
exercise  in  inducing  men  to  act,  what  efforts 
<  are  not  made  by  lovers  of  music,  of  painting, 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


55 


of  good  living,  etc.,  to  gratify  their  particular 
tastes  ? 

Thus  it  is  evident  that  whenever  Man,  by 
the  performance  of  a  function  or  labor,  can 
satisfy  a  Passion,  he  undergoes  it  willingly; 
it  becomes  a  sport  or  pleasure,  and  if  the  pas¬ 
sion  is  intense,  a  charm  and  a  delight. 

From  the  preceding  observations  the  reader 
will,  we  trust,  be  convinced  that  if  we  can  so 
organize  Industry,  that  in  its  exercise  the  pas¬ 
sions,  which  we  have  enumerated,  shall  be  sa¬ 
tisfied,  it  will  become  Attractive — become  a 
pleasure  and  a  charm,  in  which  all  will  ea¬ 
gerly  engage.  Let  us  now  show  how,  by 
means  of  Association  and  the  Serial  Mecha¬ 
nism,  the  Passions  can  be  satisfied. 

I.  MEANS  OF  SATISFYING  THE  SENSES. 

To  attract  Man  to  the  exercise  of  Industry, 
by  delighting  and  gratifying  the  Senses,  the 
outward  world,  or  all  the  material  arrange¬ 
ments  of  the  Association  must  be  beautiful. 
The  Domain  must  present  a  charming  scene 
of  agricultural  unity  and  order:  the  fields, 
gardens,  orchards,  lawns  and  woodlands,  must 
be  tastefully  and  skilfully  distributed  and  cul¬ 
tivated,  and  intermingled  with  pleasing  diver¬ 
sity,  and  so  as  to  combine  the  useful  with  the 
beautiful.  All  this  can  easily  be  done,  as 
the  lands  of  an  Association  would  be  culti¬ 
vated  as  if  they  were  the  property  of  a  single 
individual.  The  productions  in  the  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms — the  fruits,  flowers 
and  vegetables,  the  flocks  and  all  domestic 
animals — must  be  of  the  finest  species: — the 
tools,  implements  and  other  accessories  of  In¬ 
dustry,  must  be  neat  and  convenient: — the 
working  dresses  or  uniforms  of  Industry,  tasty 
*nd  handsome: — the  workshops,  or  halls  of 
Industry,  spacious  and  elegant,  and  decorated 
with  ornaments  indicative  of  the  branches  of 
work  prosecuted  in  them : — and  music  must 
enliven  the  occupations  of  Industry,  as  it  now 
enlivens  our  amusements,  our  festivities  and 
war. 

“Could  we  see,”  says  Fourier,  “on  the 
beautiful  domain  of  an  Association,  cultivated 
with  the  combined  skill  and  science  of  an 
intelligent  population,  the  various  Groups  and 
Series  in  activity,  some  engaged  under  co¬ 
lored  awnings,  some  working  in  scattered 
companies  on  the  hill  sides  and  in  the  valley, 
marching  to  the  sound  of  instruments  and 
singing  in  chorus  as  they  changed  the  location 
of  their  work;  then  see  the  domain  studded 
with  bowers  and  pavilions,  with  their  colon¬ 
nades  and  spires  instead  of  huts  and  hovels, 
and  in  the  centre  the  Edifice  of  the  Associa¬ 
tion  rising  majestically  above  the  whole,  wre 
would  believe  the  country  enchanted — think 
it  a  fairy  scene,  and  acknowledge  that  the 
earth,  when  governed  according  to  the  Com¬ 
bined  or  Divine  Order,  will  eclipse  in  beauty 
all  that  our  poets  have  imagined  of  the  Olym¬ 
pic  abodes.” 

When  all  these  conditions  of  external  ele¬ 
gance  and  harmony  are  fulfilled,  so  as  to  at¬ 
tract  man  to  the  exercise  of  Industry  by 
charming  the  Senses,  then  the  first  and  pri- 


Imary  step  towards  rendering  Labor  Attrac¬ 
tive  will  have  been  taken. 

ir.  means  of  satisfying  the  moral  and  so¬ 
cial  SENTIMENTS. 

Ambition.  The  Groups  and  Series  will  eli- 
j  cit  and  satisfy  Ambition,  which,  when  rightly 
developed  and  directed,  is  a  noble  Passion 
that  stimulates  man  to  the  performance  of  all 
that  is  just,  dignified  and  elevated.  They 
will  satisfy  Ambition,  because  they  will  have, 
in  the  first  place,  their  posts  of  honor — presi¬ 
dencies,  vice-presidencies,  etc. — which  will  be 
open  to  all  and  will  be  the  reward  of  merit,  de- 
<  votion  and  talent;  and  because,  in  the  second 
\  place,  Skill,  Proficiency  and  useful  Services 
\  in  Industry,  will  be  the  avenues  to  distinc- 
\  tion  and  consideration  in  the  world,  and  will 
\  constitute  the  highest  claim  to  seats  in  the 
\  Councils  and  to  the  Offices  of  Association,  as 
5  well  as  to  the  Legislative  bodies  and  the 
\  higher  Offices  of  the  State  or  Nation; — for 
<;  Government  in  the  Combined  Order  will  be 
\  a  Government  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science, 

I  having  for  object  the  development  and  regu¬ 
lation  of  these  three  great  departments  of 
human  activity,  and  will  be  composed  of  dis¬ 
tinguished  Industrialists,  Artists  and  Men  of 
Science,  celebrated  for  their  acquirements, 
genius  and  practical  services,  instead  of  wran¬ 
gling  lawyers  and  ignorant  demagogues,  who 
|  now  govern  and  misguide  the  people. 

Friendship  —  Paternity  —  Love.  In  the 
<  industrial  unions  of  Association  the  greatest 
decorum,  politeness  and  urbanity  of  manners 
will  be  observed,  and  by  means  of  the  organ¬ 
's  ization  of  the  Groups  and  Series,  both  sexes 
|  and  all  ages  can  take  part  together  in  most 
of  its  occupations ;  parents  and  children, 
friends  and  lovers  will  be  united  in  the  same 
I  Groups,  so  that  these  three  beautiful  seuti- 
j  ments  will  be  gratified  jointly  with  the  pro- 
<;  secution  of  useful  pursuits.  Combine  the  sa- 
\  tisfaction  of  these  endearing  social  affections 
j  with  the  exercise  of  Industry,  and  they  will 
\  give  to  it  an  indescribable  charm.  How  little 
\  can  these  conditions  be  fulfilled  in  our  present 
|  rude  and  false  system  of  Industry ! 

Emulation.  The  organization  of  the  Groups 
'  and  Series  will  elicit  and  satisfy  fully  this  pas- 
\  sion  (now  misdeveloped  in  envious  rivalry). 
I  There  will  be,  first,  Emulation  or  friendly  ri- 
>  valry  between  the  individuals  of  each  Group, 
;  then  between  the  Groups,  then  between  the 
;  wings  and  centre  of  a  Series,  then  between 
j  Series  themselves,  and  then  between  Asso- 
|  ciations.  These  individual  and  corporate  ri¬ 
ll  valries  will  call  out  a  strong  enthusiasm  and 
<  exaltation,  and  give  a  zest  and  interest  to  In- 
dustry  of  which  we  can  now  form  no  idea. 
Love  of  Change  and  Variety.  Change 
\  and  variety  are  not  only  desires  of  the  human 
$  heart,  but  absolute  wants  of  the  body.  An 
occupation  continued  for  hours  becomes  a  bur- 

Ithen,  and  in  the  end  a  hateful  task.  If  the 
occupations  of  the  Series  were  prolonged  the 
entire  day  through,  as  labor  now  is,  emulation 
would  slacken,  the  spirits  flag,  the  feelings  be 
blunted,  and  Industry  lose  all  its  charms.  But 


56 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


the  frequent  change  of  pursuits  in  the  Groups 
and  Series,  will  satisfy  fully  the  love  of  Change 
and  Variety,  and  prevent  monotony  and  fa¬ 
tigue. 

III.  MEANS  OF  SATISFYING  THE  INDUSTRIAL 
TASTES  AND  INSTINCTS. 

The  Series  of  an  Association  will  be  nume¬ 
rous,  and  will  be  devoted  to  a  great  variety 
of  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science — 
admission  to  which  will  be  open  to  all  the 
members.  Every  person  will,  consequently, 
be  able  to  select  and  pursue  such  occupations 
as  are  suited  and  agreeable  to  his  tastes  and 
inclinations.  Each  one  can  satisfy  his  tastes 
for  the  care  and  cultivation  of  favorite  spe¬ 
cies  in  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms 
— for  particular  branches  of  the  mechanical 
arts — for  scientific,  artistic  and  literary  pur¬ 
suits,  etc. 

With  what  pleasure  and  energy  men  pur¬ 
sue  favorite  occupations,  when  disagreeable 
and  repulsive  circumstances  are  not  con¬ 
nected  with  their  prosecution !  How  many 
persons  of  wealth  and  rank  have  a  taste  for 
mechanical  pursuits,  the  exercise  of  which 
they  avoid  because  they  are  disreputable  and 
degrading.  Association,  by  dignifying  all 
branches  of  human  Industry  and  enabling 
every  individual  to  choose  freely  his  occupa¬ 
tions,  will  satisfy  industrial  Tastes  and  In¬ 
stincts,  and  excite  by  this  means  a  powerful 
Attraction  for  Industry. 

Desire  of  Fortune.  Commerce,  banking, 
the  law,  speculation  and  various  schemes  of 
fraud  and  injustice,  all  of  which  live  upon 
productive  Industry  and  absorb  its  profits,  are 
at  present  the  main  avenues  to  Fortune.  In 
Association  this  will  not  be  the  case ;  there, 
the  avenues  will  be  Industry  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences.  Industry  is  the  great  source  of 
production  or  wealth,  and  it  should,  together 
with  those  pursuits  which  enlighten,  dignify 
and  elevate  Mankind,  lead  to  fortune.  Let 
social  Justice  be  done — let  productive  Indus¬ 
try  become  the  principal  avenue  to  wealth 
and  a  sure  means  of  its  acquisition,  and  men 
will  engage  in  it  ardently, — and  one  more  in¬ 
centive  will  be  added  to  those  already  enu¬ 
merated. 

There  are  various  other  means — some  of 
an  exalted  character — which  Association  and 
the  Serial  Mechanism  will  put  in  play  to  ren¬ 
der  Industry  attractive.  We  will  refer  to  one 
only.  When  in  Association  man  shall  com¬ 
prehend  his  Destiny  and  the  purpose  of  his 
creation, — when  he  comprehends  that  he  is 
the  Overseer  of  the  Globe  and  the  creations 
upon  it — that  his  terrestrial  Destiny  or  the 
great  Function  assigned  him  upon  earth,  is  to 
supervise  his  planet,  cultivate  and  beautify 
it,  and  regulate  its  material  harmonies, — 
when  he  comprehends  all  this,  and  knows 
also  that  Industry  is  the  Means  or  the  In¬ 
strument  by  which  he  fulfils  his  high  func¬ 
tion  and  trust  of  Overseer,  a  halo  will  be 
thrown  around  it,  and  a  noble  and  a  sacred 
character  will  be  given  to  it;  he  will  then 
look  upon  it  as  the  most  exalted  of  pursuits, 


]  and  will  feel  honored  instead  of  degraded  in 
\  devoting  himself  to  its  exercise. 

/  Let  us  sum  up  in  a  few  words  what  we 
have  said  at  length.  The  Groups  and  Series 
\  are  so  adapted  to  human  Nature  as  to  allow 
/  a  free  and  harmonious  development  of  the 
\  passions,  attractions  and  instincts  of  the  soul ; 
/  and  they  will,  when  applied  to  Industry, 
ji  render  it  attractive,  because  they  will  adapt 
t  its  mode  of  prosecution  and  its  external  ar- 
j  rangements  to  the  demands  and  requirements 
\  of  the  passions  and  attractions,  and  make  its 
|  exercise  the  means  or  medium  through  which 
|  they  will  be  satisfied.  Wherever  the  Series 
is  put  in  action,  and  regularly  organized  cor¬ 
porations  or  bodies  are  applied  to  any  work 
or  function,  as  in  the  case  of  armies,  although 
-  very  imperfectly,  and  i»a  manner  still  more 
imperfect  with  fire  companies,  boat  clubs  and 
\  hunting  matches,  the  function  or  labor  is  ren- 

i'  dered  pleasing  and  attractive. 

Before  terminating  this  subject,  we  will  an¬ 
swer  an  objection  which  is  frequently  raised. 
Some  persons  imagine  that  if  Man,  in  Asso¬ 
ciation,  is  supplied  with  abundance  and  is  not 
urged  on  to  labor  by  want  and  necessity, 
that  he  will  sink  into  idleness  and  listless 
apathy ;  others  imagine  that  a  low  order  of 
equality  and  a  uniformity  of  condition,  without 
f  distinctions  and  other  advantages  derived  from 
J  individual  exertion,  will  exist,  and  that  all  in- 
ij  centives  and  inducements  to  action  will,  con¬ 
sequently,  be  destroyed. 

To  show  the  falseness  of  these  views,  let 
\  us  point  out  briefly  the  difference  between  the 
<  springs  of  action  which  the  present  Social 
l  Order  puts  in  play,  and  those  which  Associa¬ 
tion  will  bring  to  bear. 

The  two  principal  and  almost  the  only  in- 
\  ducements  to  action  and  exertion  which  now 
\  exist,  are :  1st.  The  desire  of  making  Mo- 
\  ney  or  acquiring  Fortune;  2d.  Want  and  Ne- 

Icessity ;  the  latter  are  the  sole  incentives  of 
the  vast  majority.  Ambition  and  other  pas¬ 
sions  stimulate  an  extremely  small  minority 
of  persons,  but  so  few  that  they  are  scarcely 
to  be  considered. 

In  the  place  of  these  two  meager  springs 
of  action — the  second  of  which  is  so  repulsive 
j  and  degrading — Association  will  put  in  play 
l  a  large  number  of  powerful  inducements  to 
/  exertion,  which  will  act  more  or  less  con- 
(  stantly  upon  all  individuals,  and  stimulate  to 
j  the  most  indomitable  energy.  Wewillmen- 
;  tion  ten :  the  most  of  them  will  be  understood 
by  preceding  explanations. 

|  1st.  Desire  of  acquiring  Fortune  ;  2d.  Am- 
)  bition ;  3d.  Emulation ;  4th.  Corporate  Spirit 
/  and  Enthusiasm;  5th.  Love  of  Nature  and 
|  her  material  Harmonies;  6th.  Satisfaction  of 
\  industrial  Tastes  and  Instincts;  7th.  Satisfac- 
\  tion  of  the  Social  Sympathies;  8th.  Impulse 
\  communicated  by  public  and  collective  feel- 
ij  ing  and  action,  or  from  being  surrounded  by 
\  a  large  and  active  population ;  9th.  Spirit  of 
Self-sacrifice  or  Self-denial  (for  an  example  of 
this  incentive,  see  Sacred  Legion) ;  10th.  Idea 
j  of  being  engaged  in  works  of  universal  Utility 


INDIVIDUAL  ACCOUNTS. 


5* 


and  Importance — the  highest  of  which  is  that  ] 
of  overseeing  the  Globe. 

When  all  these  incentives  are  brought  to  j 
bear,  what  folly  to  suppose  that  man  will  be 
idle  in  Association !  Instead  of  the  simple  ! 
stimulants  to  action  of  the  present  Social  Or-  j 
der — the  satisfaction  of  the  material  and  sen-  \ 
sual  wants  which,  when  applied  alone,  are  j 
low  and  debasing — Association  will  apply  a  j 
high  order  of  compound  stimulants — material 
and  moral — which,  acting  together,  will  be  > 
impellent  in  the  highest  degree,  while  they  \ 
are  ennobling  and  elevating.  \ 

- o -  < 

> 

INDIVIDUAL  ACCOUNTS.  \ 


When  will  man  be  freed  from  the  petty  cares  and 
pitiful  vexations  of  a  pecuniary  nature,  to  which 
he  is  now  subjected  in  all  the  daily  business 
affairs  of  life  1 


The  Association  will  open  on  its  books  an  j 
account  with  every  member  individually —  \ 
even  with  the  child  so  soon  as  it  begins  to  \ 
produce.  Every  person  will  be  charged  the  > 
amount  of  his  or  her  expenditures  during  the 
year,  and  credited  for  the  amount  of  his  or  i 
her  earnings,  and  interest  upon  Stock.  The  ; 
debits  of  individuals  will  be,  first,  rent  of  \ 
rooms ;  second,  board ;  third,  wearing  apparel ;  ; 
fourth,  articles  purchased  for  personal  use;  > 
fifth,  subscription  to  libraries,  concerts,  baths,  < 
etc. ;  sixth,  cash  advanced.  The  books  will 
be  balanced  once  a  year,  and  a  general  settle¬ 
ment  take  place. 

In  order  to  explain  this  more  clearly,  we  \ 
will  state  the  account  of  an  individual  as  it  < 
may  be  supposed  to  exist.  Suppose  J.  Jones 
is  a  member;  his  account  may  be  stated  \ 
thus : —  | 

J.  Jones  in  account  with  the  North  American  < 

Phalanx.  \ 

Dr. 

For  Rent  of  rooms  for  one  year  ....  $200  00  ? 


“  Board .  175  00  ? 

11  Wearing  Apparel .  150  00 

a  Articles  purchased .  250  00  < 

u  Subscription  to  library,  concerts  and 

baths .  25  00  \ 

11  Cash  advanced . .  .  250  00  / 

(s  Sundries .  50  00  > 

_ 


Total  Debits  ....  $1100  00  S 

Cr.  \ 

By  Interest  on  Stock  for  one  year  .  $400  00 
“  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en-  j 


gaged  in  works  of  Neces- 


u  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en- 

gaged  in  works  of  Useful-  \ 

ness .  300  00  \ 

11  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en¬ 
gaged  in  works  of  Attrac-  > 

tiveness .  200  00  <; 


Total  Credits  .  .  $1300  00 


$200  00 

This  balance  of  two  hundred  dollars,  due  to 
J.  Jones  by  the  Association  on  the  settlement 

8 


of  his  Account,  would  be  paid  to  him  in  cash 
or  placed  to  his  credit  to  be  used  when  he 
wishes.  In  the  case  of  minors,  profits  will 
be  kept  for  them  by  the  Association  until 
they  are  of  age. 

In  Association  there  will  be,  as  a  general 
rule,  no  buying  and  selling  between  indivi¬ 
duals — the  fruitful  source  at  present  of  so 
much  fraud,  enmity,  discord,  slander  and  vio¬ 
lence.  The  members  will  deal  directly  with 
the  Association.  If  a  person  desires,  for  in¬ 
stance,  to  purchase  a  suit  of  clothes,  he  goes 
to  the  Group  of  persons  who  have  charge  of 
the  clothing  department  and  has  them  made, 
but  does  not  pay  the  Group ;  they  are  charged 
to  him  on  the  books  of  the  Association,  with 
which  he  will  settle.  Just  prices  will  be  es¬ 
tablished  for  everything  by  the  Council  of 
internal  arrangements,  and  when  an  indivi¬ 
dual  wishes  an  article  for  private  use — a 
watch  or  a  book — he  would  not  have  to  bar¬ 
gain  for  it,  or  be  subject  to  the  imposition 
and  extortion  of  a  seller,  but  would  take  it  at 
the  fixed  price,  sure  of  being  dealt  with  on 
fair  and  equitable  terms. 

Let  the  observing  mind,  which  has  time  to 
reflect  upon  such  subjects,  examine  the  quar¬ 
rels  and  law-suits,  the  calumny  and  misrepre¬ 
sentation,  the  waste  of  time  and  loss  of  money, 
the  antipathies,  animosities  and  even  crimes 
of  a  fearful  character,  which  grow  out  of  the 
present  system  of  trading,  trafficking  and  con¬ 
tracting  between  individuals,  for  individual 
gain  and  advantage,  and  it  will  turn  from  it 
with  disgust.  All  this  strife  and  discord  can 
be  obviated  in  the  most  simple  and  easy  man¬ 
ner  in  Association;  the  individual  will  deal 
directly  with  the  Association  or  the  collective 
body,  between  whom  no  misunderstandings 
or  quarrels  can  arise,  as  there  will  be  no  dis¬ 
position  or  opportunity  to  overreach,  defraud 
or  deceive,  or  take  advantage  in  any  way  on 
either  side. 

The  tens  of  thousands  of  law-suits  which 
are  constantly  going  on  in  the  country,  with 
the  waste  of  millions  which  they  cause  an¬ 
nually,  originate  mostly  in  this  incoherent 
system  of  individual  traffic.  The  advocates 
of  Law  Reform,  should  see  that  the  abuses 
and  disorders  of  the  Law  are  effects ,  and 
that  to  reform  them  they  must  do  away 
with  the  cause — do  away  with  the  system 
which  nourishes  and  sustains  them,  and  this 
is  only  possible  with  the  system  of  whole¬ 
sale  and  direct  Trade,  Unity  of  interests, 
and  other  measures  and  institutions  of  Asso¬ 
ciation. 

Association,  then,  will  render  all  business 
matters  easy  and  pleasant  to  transact,  will  do 
away  with  the  necessity  for  that  mean  and 
miserable  practice  of  higgling  and  jewing  on 
one  side,  and  deception  and  extortion  on  the 
other,  now  common  in  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  all  articles,  even  the  smallest  and  most 
trifling;  and,  in  the  settlement  of  Individual 
Accounts,  will  banish  the  possibility  of  fraud 
and  injustice  (as  well  as  the  desire),  and  ad¬ 
just  everything  upon  the  most  honorable  and 
equitable  terms. 


58 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


Individual  cupidity  will  be  absorbed,  because  the 
interests  of  each  individual  will  be  identified 
with  those  of  his  Series  and  the  entire  Asso¬ 
ciation  ;  and  the  pretension  of  a  Series  to  an 
exorbitant  dividend,  will  be  counteracted  by 
the  individual  interests  of  each  of  its  members, 
who  will  belong  to  a  large  number  of  other 
Series.  Fourier. 


At  the  end  of  the  year  a  general  settle¬ 
ment,  as  we  have  before  stated,  will  take 
place,  when  the  total  value  of  all  that  has  been 
produced  by  the  Association,  and  consumed 
in  or  sold  out  of  it,  will  be  ascertained,  and 
a  division  of  profits  made.  Let  us  suppose 
that  in  an  Association  of  four  hundred  per¬ 
sons,  fruits,  grains  and  vegetables  have  been 
grown,  animals  raised  and  articles  manufac¬ 
tured,  which  have  sold  for  $400,000.  Of  this 
sum,  one  quarter,  or  $100,000,  will  be  reserved 
to  pay  interest  upon  the  stock,  or  capital  in¬ 
vested,  and  the  other  three  quarters  will  be 
paid  to  those  who  have  performed  the  Labor. 

We  will  endeavor  to  explain  in  a  clear  and 
concise  manner  the  system  by  which  the  va¬ 
rious  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science 
will  be  paid,  and  how  the  value  of  each 
branch  will  be  ascertained.  The  main  point 
is  to  understand  the  principle  upon  which' 
Labor  shall  be  remunerated,  for  the  payment 
of  Capital  and  Skill  is  easily  comprehended. 

The  various  branches  of  Industry,  prose¬ 
cuted  in  an  Association,  will  be  divided  into 
three  Classes,  or  rather  classed  in  three  Cate¬ 
gories,  and  paid  a  larger  or  smaller  dividend 
or  share  of  the  general  product,  according  as 
they  are — 1st.  Repugnant  and  Laborious; 
2d.  Useful  ;  3d.  Attractive. 

1st  Class,  or  Class  of  Necessity — compris¬ 
ing  works  of  a  repugnant,  laborious  and  ne¬ 
cessary  character. 

2d  Class,  or  Class  of  Usefulness — com¬ 
prising  works  of  a  useful  character. 

3d  Class,  or  Class  of  Attractiveness — 
comprising  works  of  a  pleasing  and  attractive 
character. 

Each  branch  of  Industry  will  be  paid  more 
or  less  according  to  the  Class  to  which  it  be¬ 
longs.  Works  of  Necessity,  or  those  which 
are  laborious  and  repugnant,  as  well  as  occu¬ 
pations  which  tend  to  strengthen  social  ties 
and  maintain  social  Unity  and  Harmony,  will 
rank  in  the  first  class  and  receive  the  largest 
dividend.  W orks  which  are  useful  and  which 
possess  but  a  moderate  degree  of  attraction, 
will  rank  in  the  second  class,  and  will  be  paid 
the  next  largest  dividend  or  highest  price. 
Works  which  are  naturally  pleasing  and 
agreeable,  like  horticulture,  will  rank  in  the 
third  class,  and  will  be  paid  the  least. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  more  attractive  a 
branch  of  Industry  is,  the  less  it  will  be  paid ; 
and  the  more  repugnant  and  laborious  it  is, 
the  more  it  will  be  paid.  There  are  some 
exceptions,  however,  to  this  rule :  one  applies 
to  works  or  functions  which,  although  attrac¬ 
tive,  tend  to  maintain  concord  and  harmony, 


to  strengthen  the  social  affections  and  cement 
the  bonds  of  union. 

The  Series  devoted  to  music  and  the  culti¬ 
vation  of  flowers  will  come  under  this  excep¬ 
tion  ;  it  would  seem,  according  to  the  rule  laid 
down  above,  that  they  should  belong  to  the 
category  of  Attractiveness,  as  they  are  ex¬ 
tremely  pleasing  pursuits.  Such,  however, 
will  not  be  the  case ;  the  cultivation  of  flowers 
requires  great  care  and  attention,  and  as  this 
branch  of  Industry  will  be  important  in  many 
respects,  and  will  be,  as  we  have  explained, 
an  agricultural  school  for  children,  it  must 
rank  in  the  category  of  Usefulness.  The  re¬ 
fining,  elevating  and  exalting  influence  of 
Music  and  some  of  the  Fine  Arts  connected 
with  it,  will  be  found  of  such  high  import¬ 
ance  in  producing  industrial  Attraction  and  in 
maintaining  social  Unity,  that  they  will  pro¬ 
bably  be  placed  in  the  first  category,  or  that 
of  Necessity. 

The  three  classes  or  categories  of  Neces¬ 
sity,  Usefulness  and  Attractiveness,  will  each 
be  divided  into  three  Orders,  and  in  large  As¬ 
sociations  into  five,  so  that  there  will  be  a  1st, 
2d,  and  3d  Order  of  the  classes  of  Necessity, 
Usefulness  and  Attractiveness. 

Suppose  the  $300,000,  which  in  the  exam¬ 
ple  given  above,  are  the  part  paid  to  Labor  and 
Skill,  are  divided  among  the  various  Series, 
the  following  division,  to  make  an  approxi¬ 
mate  estimate,  will  take  place : — 

Works  of  the  Class  of  Necessity  will  re¬ 
ceive,  say . $125,000 

Works  of  the  Class  of  Usefulness  will  re¬ 
ceive,  .  100,000 

Works  of  the  Class  of  Attractiveness  will 

receive  .  75,000 

The  three  Orders  of  each  Class  will  alsc ' 
receive  unequal  portions :  the  $1125,000  paid 
to  works  of  Necessity  will  be  divided  as  fol¬ 
lows  : — 


1st  Order  will  receive,  say  .  .  .  .  .  .$52,000 

2d  u  “  “  “  .  42,000 

3d  “  “  “  “  . 31,000 


These  calculations  are  approximative ;  prac¬ 
tical  experience  and  observation  tvill  regulate 
them  according  to  strict  justice. 

Each  Series  will  be  paid  out  of  the  total 
product  of  the  Association  the  sum  which  is 
due  to  it,  and  the  members  will  divide  this 
sum  among  themselves  according  to  the  La¬ 
bor  and  Skill  of  each. 

“A  Series,”  says  Fourier,  “will  be  paid, 
not  out  of  the  product  of  its  particular  work, 
but  out  of  the  total  product  of  the  entire  As¬ 
sociation,  and  its  compensation  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  rank  it  occupies  in  the  list 
of  works  or  functions,  divided  into  the  three 
classes — Necessity,  Usefulness,  Attractiveness. 
For  instance,  a  Series  growing  grain  will  not 
receive  the  amount  of  sales  of  the  grain  it 
raises ;  the  grain  will  go  into  the  mass  of  pro¬ 
ducts  to  be  disposed  of  or  consumed  in  the 
Association,  and  if  the  Series  engaged  in  its 
cultivation  is  considered  of  high  importance 
in  Industry,  it  will  receive  a  dividend  of  the 
first  Class.  The  Series  of  grain-growers  will 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


59 


belong  evidently  to  the  first  Class,  that  of 
Necessity ;  but  in  this  Class  there  are  three 
Orders,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  Series  en¬ 
gaged  in  the  cultivation  of  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
oats  and  corn,  will  belong  to  the  second  and 
perhaps  even  to  the  third  Order.  Ploughing, 
sowing  and  reaping  have  nothing  repulsive  in 
them,  and  should  be  ranked  after  uncleanly 
and  repulsive  works  which  offend  the  Senses, 
and  which  will  be  placed  in  the  1st  Order  of 
Necessity. 

“  It  will  require  two  or  three  years  to  clas¬ 
sify  properly  the  different  branches  of  Indus¬ 
try  and  the  Series  devoted  to  them,  and  to 
ascertain  the  rank  which  each  should  hold. 
If  some  mistakes  are  made  in  the  beginning, 
they  can  easily  be  rectified,  and  will  lead  to 
no  serious  consequences.” 

“  Three  principal  considerations  are  to  be 
observed  in  assigning  to  the  Series  the  rank 
which  they  shall  hold : 

“1st.  Their  influence  in  sustaining  gene¬ 
ral  Concord  and  Harmony,  and  in  removing 
causes  of  disagreement,  dissatisfaction  and 
discord.” 

(The  great  object  will  be  to  sustain  Asso¬ 
ciation,  from  which  so  much  wealth  and 
happiness  flows.  As  a  consequence,  the  most 
precious  Series  will  be  that  which — 'productive 
or  unproductive — tends  most  efficaciously  to 
maintain  social  Harmony  and  Unity.) 

“  2d.  Repulsive  and  laborious  obstacles  con¬ 
nected  with  branches  of  Industry.” 

(Such  is  the  work  of  miners,  of  nurses  hav¬ 
ing  the  care  of  the  sick  and  children,  and  all 
uncleanly  occupations  and  functions.  Some 
branches  of  Industry  are  laborious,  like  black- 
smithing,  without  being  repugnant ;  this  alone 
will  not  entitle  them  to  priority  of  rank.) 

“  3d.  The  degree  of  Attraction  which  occu¬ 
pations  excite.” 

(The  more  a  work  or  function  is  pleasing 
and  attractive,  the  less  will  be  its  pecuniary 
value,  and  as  a  consequence,  its  compensa¬ 
tion.) 

“  The  three  rules  which  we  have  here  laid 
down,  must  be  duly  considered  in  estimating 
the  class  to  which  the  different  branches  of 
Industry,  Art  and  Science  shall  belong.” 

“  The  cultivation  of  fruit  trees  offers  us  the 
example  of  a  work  which  will  be  classed  low, 
on  account  of  the  attraction  connected  with  it. 
In  Association  the  fruit  orchards  will  be  de¬ 
lightful  places  of  resort;  the  elegance  with 
which  they  will  be  laid  out,  planted  and  de¬ 
corated,  the  meetings  of  Series  from  neigh¬ 
boring  Associations,  the  pleasure  of  collations 
served  in  the  pavilions  of  the  orchards,  and 
various  other  enticements,  will  excite  in  a 
vast  majority  of  persons,  it  is  easy  to  conceive, 
a  taste  for  the  work  without  regard  to  profit; 
as  a  consequence,  the  Series  of  fruit-growers 
will  be  placed  in  the  class  of  Attractiveness, 
and  receive  one  of  the  least  dividends.” 

As  a  general  rule,  which  we  have  already 
stated,  and  which  is  easily  understood,  we  may 
say  that  the  more  a  work  is  attractive,  the 


£  less  it  will  be  paid ;  and  the  more  iabonous 
]  and  repugnant  it  is,  the  more  it  will  be  paid. 

5  If  injustice  were  involuntarily  done  to  any 
l  Series,  if  it  were  ranked  too  low,  it  would 

i*  soon  be  perceived ;  there  would  be  a  slacken¬ 
ing  of  attraction  on  the  part  of  its  members, 
and  the  branch  of  Industry  with  which  it  was 
engaged,  would  be  abandoned.  When  this 
happens  it  will  be  necessary  to  connect  addi- 
}>  tional  incentives  with  it — one  of  which  will 
l  be  the  assigning  it  a  higher  rank,  and  in- 
>  creasing  the  dividend  allotted  to  it.  Suppose, 
l  for  example,  it  were  found  that  there  was  an 

i  indifference  for  the  work  of  cooking,  and  that 
the  members  of  the  Series  devoted  to  it  were 
gradually  abandoning  it ;  measures  would  have 
to  be  taken  to  increase  the  attraction  for  ihis 
important  occupation.  The  kitchens,  for  ex¬ 
ample,  could  be  more  conveniently  or  ele¬ 
gantly  fitted  up,  the  Series  increased  in  num¬ 
ber  and  the  division  of  labor  made  more 
minute,  so  as  to  require  less  time  from  each 
member,  and  a  larger  dividend  awarded  to 
the  work.  An  analogous  process  would  be 
applied  to  any  other  branch  of  Industry  which 
was  found  to  be  declining. 

Practical  experiments  will  gradually  show 
[  the  Class  to  which  each  branch  of  Industry 
|  should  belong;  if  it  were  found  that  some 
l  branches  drew  a  large  number  of  persons  to 
<  their  exercise — more  than  were  required — 
i  from  the  attraction  inherent  in  them,  the  Se- 
f  ries  devoted  to  them  would  be  lowered  in 
i?  rank  and  paid  less.  Suppose  Confectionary — 
|  classed  in  the  3d  Order  of  the  category  of 
l  Usefulness — attracted  very  strongly,  it  would 
>  be  lowered  to  the  category  of  Attractiveness, 

I  and  receive  a  smaller  dividend  ;  if  Cabinet¬ 
making— classed  in  the  1st  Order  of  Useful¬ 
ness —  attracted  more  members  than  were 
wanted,  it  would  be  lowered  to  the  2d,  then 
to  the  3d  Order  of  Usefulness,  until  some  of 
them  left  the  work.  By  this  and  other  means 
$  equilibrium  will  be  maintained  in  the  exer* 
\  cise  of  the  various  branches  of  Industry,  and 
<  the  prosecution  of  all  will  be  secured. 

In  classifying  the  works  and  functions  ot 
<  Association,  many  of  the  Professions,  such  as 
|  Medicine  and  Surgery,  will  belong  to  the  first 
Class,  or  that  of  Necessity ;  repugnant  and 
1  laborious  Occupations,  such  as  care  of  the  sick 

!and  children,  mining,  blacksmi thing  and  ma¬ 
sonry,  will  also  belong  to  the  Class  of  Neces¬ 
sity:  Works  of  importance  to  health  and  com¬ 
fort,  such  as  cooking,  will  rank  in  the  same 
Class ;  the  care  of  Animals  will  belong,  no 
|  doubt,  to  the  classes  of  Usefulness  and  Attrac- 
tiveness;  Carpentry  to  the  class  of  Useful¬ 
ness  ;  Printing  probably  to  the  same  class. 
|  But  few  branches  of  the  mechanical  Arts 
\  would  belong  to  the  class  of  Attractiveness, 
\  as  they  are  naturally  less  attractive  than  agri- 
|  cultural  and  some  other  kinds  of  pursuits.  To 
\  all  those  branches  of  Industry  and  Professions, 
\  which  are  naturally  offensive  or  repulsive,  ar¬ 
il  tificial  incentives  must  be  applied  ;  they  must 
l  be  paid  more  and  more  highly  honored,  and 
\  upon  those  who  exercise  them,  various  privi- 
\  leges  must  be  conferred. 


6C 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS, 


The  members  of  an  Association  cannot  fail 
being  satisfied  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view, 
as  they  will  know  beforehand  the  dividend  or 
share  of  the  profits,  which  each  branch  of  In¬ 
dustry  or  Series  will  receive,  and  they  will 
be  perfectly  free  to  choose  those  Series  which 
they  prefer. 

It  is  in  the  important  operation  of  a  Divi¬ 
sion  of  Profits  that  we  shall  see  the  necessity 
of  frequent  changes  of  occupations,  and  of  the 
members  of  the  Association  belonging  to  se¬ 
veral  Series.  “  If  each  individual,”  says  Fou¬ 
rier,  “  pursued  but  one  branch  of  Industry ;  if 
he  was  a  carpenter,  a  gardener  or  a  mason 
only  as  at  present,  and  took  part  in  but  one 
Series,  he  would  wish  the  Series  of  carpenters 
to  be  paid  the  highest,  if  he  was  a  carpenter, 
and  the  Series  of  masons,  if  he  was  a  mason ; 
but  as  he  will  belong  to  a  large  number  of 
Series,  he  will  not  desire  that  one  among 
them  should  be  exorbitantly  paid,  as  he  would 
lose  in  others  by  it ;  his  interests  will  be  ba¬ 
lanced  and  equalized,  and  he  will,  from  per¬ 
sonal  interest,  be  induced  to  speculate  entirely 
contrary  to  what  people  now  do,  and  advocate 
strict  equity.”  Besides,  he  will  have  friends 
and  relatives  in  numerous  Series,  whose  inte¬ 
rests  he  will  wish  respected;  these  various 
considerations  operating  together  will  be  prac¬ 
tical  means,  which  should  always  be  combined 
with  moral  considerations,  of  inducing  him 
to  desire  the  most  just  and  equitable  Division 
of  Profits,  and  exact  Justice  in  every  respect. 

All  the  Series  of  an  Association  will  hold  a 
general  meeting  at  the  end  of  the  year,  or  at 
the  annual  settlement,  when  a  general  divi¬ 
sion  of  the  Product  or  Profits  of  the  past  year 
will  take  place,  and  each  Series  will  receive 
that  portion  for  its  share  to  which  it  may  be 
entitled,  and  which  will  be  regulated  by  the 
three  classes  of  Necessity,  Usefulness  and  At¬ 
tractiveness.  Each  Series  will  divide  among 
its  Groups  the  amount  awarded  to  it,  and 
each  Group  will,  in  turn,  divide  among  its 
members  its  particular  share. 

As  Necessity,  Usefulness  and  Attractiveness 
are  the  three  considerations  which  will  be 
taken  into  account  in  the  payment  of  the  Se¬ 
ries,  so  Labor,  Capital  and  Skill  will  be  those 
which  will  be  observed  in  the  payment  of  In¬ 
dividuals. 

The  part  awarded  to  Labor  will  be  divided 
among  the  members  of  the  Groups  according 
to  the  time  which  each  has  worked,  and  the 
value  of  his  work.  As  has  before  been  stated, 
deductions  will  be  made  for  time  lost  by  ab¬ 
sence  from  the  Groups,  and  candidates  for 
admission  or  learners  will  receive  but  a  frac¬ 
tion  of  a  full  share.  As  the  members  of  a 
Group  will  work  together,  they  will  be  able 
to  appreciate  the  services  and  the  merits  of 
each  respectively. 

The  part  awarded  to  Skill  will  be  divided 
among  the  officers  of  the  Groups,  who  will 
possess  the  most  talent  or  skill,  and  among 
the  older  and  more  experienced  members. 

In  organizing  the  first  Association,  some  de¬ 
viations  from  the  system  which  we  have  here 
laid  down  for  the  division  of  profits  may  take 


!  place,  and  be  continued  for  two  or  three  years, 
j  until  it  is  fairly  in  operation.  We  will  men- 
\  tion  two. 

To  induce  capitalists  to  furnish  the  means 
|  necessary  to  found  an  Association,  a  fixed  rate 
|  of  interest,  which  should  be  a  little  above 
\  the  legal  rate,  may  be  guarantied  to  them, 

II  in  the  place  of  one  quarter  of  the  product. 
A  great  many  persons  will  prefer  a  mode¬ 
rate  certainty  to  the  most  favorable  chances 
of  a  large  dividend;  and  a  certainty  as  re¬ 
gards  interest  may  induce  men  of  means  to 
take  stock  in  Association,  when  they  would 
not  otherwise  listen  to  the  proposition.  At 
the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  amount  of 
s  the  total  product  is  ascertained,  and  before 
j;  any  division  of  profits  takes  place,  a  surn 
>  sufficiently  large  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the 
<  investment  or  capital  stock,  will  first  be  taken 
>  out  of  it  and  applied  to  this  purpose.  The 
$  balance,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  be  divided 
\  among  those  who  perform  the  Labor. 

<  A  second  deviation  may  take  place  in  the 
jj  mode  of  paying  the  Series.  If  the  founders 
5  of  an  Association  should  find  it  difficult  to 
jj  classify  the  Series  according  to  Necessity, 
>  Usefulness  and  Attractiveness,  they  might 
simply  pay  to  each  Series  and  to  each  Group, 

ithe  value  or  amount  of  the  sales  of  its  pro¬ 
duct. 

Suppose,  for  instance,  a  Group  of  wheat- 
growers  raises  five  thousand  bushels  of  wheat, 
worth  $6000.  After  deducting  from  this  sum 
commissions  for  sales,  and  $1500  or  one  quar¬ 
ter  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  Capital  Stock, 
the  balance,  about  $4500,  would  be  awarded 
to  the  Group,  which  would  divide  it  among 
|  its  members  according  to  Labor  and  Skill. 
|  Those  Series  engaged  in  branches  which  are 
j  not  really  productive,  such  as  nursing  and 
j  teaching,  would  be  paid  at  a  fairly  established 
I  rate,  according  to  the  importance  of  their  la- 
l  bor,  out  of  a  general  fund,  which  would  be 
\  formed  by  deducting  a  certain  per  centage 
|  from  the  total  product  before  any  division 
\  took  place. 

>  This  mode  of  division  would  simplify  the 
|  operation,  as  each  Group  would  receive  what- 
j  ever  it  produced,  but  it  would  not  answer  for 
s  an  Association  fully  established,  as  an  equi- 
\  librium  in  the  prosecution  of  the  different 
\  branches  of  Industry  could  not  be  maintained ; 
l  those  which  were  the  most  profitable  might 
be  the  most  attractive,  and  all  others  would 
in  consequence  be  abandoned  for  them. 

W e  will  answer  two  objections  here,  which 
\  should  have  been  mentioned  in  speaking  of 
i  the  Series.  It  may  be  objected  that  the  fre¬ 
quent  changes  of  the  Groups  and  Series  will 
$  cause  a  great  loss  of  time.  They  will  require 
<  from  five  to  fifteen  minutes — less  than  a  quar- 
|  ter  of  an  hour  upon  an  average — for  changes 
i  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  half  that  time 
l  for  manufactures  and  other  occupations  in  the 
\  Edifice  of  the  Association.  They  who  regret 
)  this  loss  of  time,  might,  wish  to  do  away 
\  with  sleep,  because  it  is  time  wasted.  The 
\  attractive  Labor  of  Association  will  be  ardent, 

[  and  it  would  lead  to  excesses,  if  it  were  not 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


61 


frequently  tempered  by  relaxation  between 
changes. 

The  members  of  the  Association  will  meet 
in  the  afternoon  daily  at  the  Exchange,  where 
they  will  discuss  and  regulate  various  matters 
of  interest  and  pleasure — among  others  the 
occupations  of  the  Series  for  the  following 
days.  By  this  means  perfect  order  and  regu¬ 
larity  will  be  preserved  in  all  the  operations 
of  Industry. 

Another  objection  is,  the  size  of  the  Do¬ 
main.  Being  three  miles  square,  it  will  be 
too  far,  it  will  be  averred,  to  go  to  the  diffe¬ 
rent  kinds  of  work;  but  we  must  recollect 
that  as  the  Edifice  will  be  located  in  the  cen¬ 
tre,  it  will  only  be  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the 
outer  limits  of  the  Domain ;  around  the  Edi¬ 
fice  will  be  located  the  gardens,  some  of  the 
fruit-orchards,  the  out-houses,  and  all  branches 
of  Industry  which  require  daily  attention.  The 
grain  fields,  woodlands,  etc.,  which  require 
attention  at  certain  seasons  only,  will  be  lo¬ 
cated  at  the  more  distant  parts  of  the  domain : 
avenues,  bordered  with  trees  and  flowers,  will 
wind  through  it,  and  some  carriages,  like  our 
omnibuses,  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey  the 
Groups  to  their  respective  positions. 

- o - 

REASON  FOR  THE  DIVISION  OF  PROFITS  BETWEEN 
CAPITAL,  LABOR  AND  SKILL. 


W e  will  point  out  briefly  the  reason  why  the 
Profits  of  Industry  are  divided  between  Capi¬ 
tal,  Labor  and  Skill.  It  is  based  upon  the 
principle  that  whatever  is  produced  should  be 
divided  among  the  producing  Powers;  and 
Capital,  Labor  and  Skill  being  the  three 
sources  of  Production,  or  the  powers  that  cre¬ 
ate  wealth,  they  are  entitled  to  the  wealth 
which  is  produced.  Let  us  explain  this. 

Capital  is  the  accumulated  product  of  past 
Labor ,  or  of  Labor  done.  To  understand  this, 
it  is  necessary  to  know  in  what  Capital  con¬ 
sists.  It  consists  in  works,  products  and  im¬ 
provements  of  all  kinds,  (edifices,  manufac¬ 
tures,  workshops,  clearings  of  the  soil,  vessels, 
rail-roads,  tools,  implements,  machinery,  me¬ 
tals,  flocks,  etc.  etc.,)  which  are  the  results  of 
human  Industry.  In  speaking  of  Capital  in 
connection  with  Labor  and  Skill,  we  will  call 
it  what  it  really  is,  past  Labor ,  as  it  will 
make  our  explanations  more  easily  under¬ 
stood. 

When  past  Labor  facilitates  the  perform¬ 
ance  and  increases  the  productiveness  of  pre¬ 
sent  Labor,  it  should  receive  a  part  of  its 
product.  We  will  make  use  of  an  illustra¬ 
tion  to  prove  this  clearly.  Suppose  a  body 
of  men  settle  upon  a  tract  of  land  in  a  wild 
state,  which  is  covered  with  forest,  and  that 
with  labor  they  clear  it,  bring  it  under  culti¬ 
vation,  erect  buildings  upon  it,  construct  im¬ 
plements,  rear  flocks  and  render  it  productive 
and  valuable.  These  improvements  are  the 
results  of  past  Labor,  and  constitute  Capital. 
When  this  work  is  accomplished,  suppose  a 
second  body  of  men  join  the  first,  and  live 


j  with  them  upon  the  land:  they  find  houses 
|  to  inhabit,  teams  and  implements  to  work 
\  with,  and  the  soil  prepared  for  cultivation; 

Iwith  the  aid  of  these  improvements,  which 
are  the  product  of  past  Labor,  they  can  pro¬ 
duce  easily  and  abundantly  from  it,  whereas 
had  they  come  upon  it  in  the  wild  state  with- 

Iout  any  improvements  and  facilities  for  apply¬ 
ing  their  (present)  Labor,  they  could  have 
produced  nothing  from  it. 

Would  it  not  be  just  that  the  new  comers 
should  give  to  those  who  had  preceded,  and 
\  prepared  all  these  facilities  for  them,  a  share 

i‘  of  the  product  of  their  labor?  Undoubtedly, 
for  the  past  Labor  of  the  first  settlers  created 
in  reality  a  part  of  the  product. 

What  should  this  share  be  ? — that  is,  what 
portion  of  the  product,  should  present  Labor 
give  to  past  Labor  for  the  aid  lent  to  it  ? 
The  answer  to  this  question  determines  the 
rate  of  interest  to  which  Capital  is  entitled. 
F rom  our  remarks  on  property  and  the  divi¬ 
sion  of  profits,  it  will  be  seen  that  we  estimate 
this  share  at  about  one  quarter,  or  three- 
twelfths. 

If  a  Stock  Company  furnishes  capital  with 
which  to  buy  the  land  for  an  Association,  to 
erect  buildings  upon  and  stock  it,  those  who 
enter  the  Association  will  hold  the  same  rela¬ 
tion  to  the  Company  as  the  new  comers  did, 

/  in  the  case  above,  to  those  who  had  prepared 
and  improved  the  wild  lands  by  their  labor, 

<  and  they  should  give  to  the  Company  an 
]  equal  share  of  the  product  or  profits  of  their 
labor — that  is,  about  one  quarter. 

>  Thus  Capital  or  past  Labor  is  entitled  to  a 
s  share  of  the  product,  because  it  aids  and  faci- 
,  litates  present  Labor  in  creating  this  product; 
its  right  to  a  part  of  the  product  is  perfectly 
legitimate,  and  they  who  contest  it,  do  not 
1  understand  clearly  the  sources  of  produc¬ 
tion. 

>  We  will  explain  in  connection  why  Labor 
and  Skill  should  receive  each  a  part  of  the  ge- 
't  neral  product ;  to  do  this  we  will  recur  again 
<  to  a  practical  illustration.  Suppose  a  number 
\  of  persons,  forming  a  Group  of  grain-growers, 

\  are  engaged  in  cultivating  wheat.  Labor, 

I  which  consists  in  ploughing,  sowing,  reaping 
i  and  threshing,  is  the  principal  means  of  pro- 
|  duction,  and  should  receive  in  consequence, 

!  the  largest  share  of  the  product,  which  we 
|  estimate  at  about  seven-twelfths. 

In  the  Group  there  are  some  members  who, 

;  we  will  suppose,  possess  superior  knowledge 
!  and  skill ;  by  means  of  their  directions  and  ad- 
;  vice,  such  excellent  methods  of  cultivation  are 
j  followed,  and  the  Labor  of  the  Group  is  sc 
;  judiciously  directed  and  efficiently  applied, 

I  that  it  produces  a  great  deal  more  than  it 
;  would  have  done,  had  not  knowledge  and 
;  skill  lent  their  aid.  The  members  of  whom 
j  we  speak,  may  have  spent  years  in  acquiring 
;  the  experience  and  skill  which  they  possess, 
and  as  they  have  aided  materially  in  increas¬ 
ing  the  product,  they  should  in  strict  justice 
receive  a  part  of  the  product.  We  estimate 
;  the  part  at  about  two-twelfths. 

To  sum  up — 


62 


THE  SACRED  LEGION. 


Capital,  which  furnishes  the  means,  or  I 
prepares  the  way  for  producing,  is  the  first 
Source  of  wealth. 

Labor,  which  creates  the  product,  is  the  j 
second  Source. 

Skill,  which  directs  Labor  wisely,  judi-  I 
ciously  and  efficiently,  and  renders  it  addi-  \ 
tionally  productive,  is  the  third  Source.  (Skill  i 
comprises  practical  experience,  natural  talent  j 
and  scientific  acquirements.) 

If  we  weigh  duly  the  respective  values  of  \ 
these  three  great  Sources  of  Production,  taking  $ 
into  consideration,  first,  the  importance  of  the  < 
Improvements,  which  enable  man  to  labor  \ 
advantageously;  second,  the  absolute  neces-  j 
sity  of  Labor  to  create  or  produce ;  and  third,  j 
the  value  of  Skill,  which  directs  labor  wisely  ; 
and  efficiently,  it  will  be  found  that  the  Im-  '/ 
provements  or  Capital  should  receive  about  \ 
three-twelfths  of  the  total  product;  Labor,  ] 
seven-twelfths; and  Skill,  two-twelfths.  Prac-  \ 
tical  experience  will  modify  these  proportions,  <; 
if  found  necessary.  '  $ 

- o -  \ 

THE  SACRED  LEGION.  j 

MEANS  OF  PERFORMING  UNCLEANLY  AND  RE-  l 
PULSIVE  BRANCHES  OF  WORK.  I 


There  will  be  in  Association — if  not  in  the  \ 
first  one,  at  least  as  soon  as  a  perfect  esta-  1 
blishment  is  founded — a  Series  which  will 
take  upon  itself,  from  a  sentiment  of  Devotion  \ 
or  Self-Sacrifice,  and  from  Social  Charity  and 
Religious  Philanthropy,  the  performance  of  \ 
those  functions  and  works  which  are  in  them¬ 
selves  repulsive  and  uncleanly,  and  which  are 
now  looked  upon  as  degrading.  The  repug-  ) 
nance  of  such  works  is  now  overcome  by  pay,  < 
and  they  are  performed  from  necessity  by  de¬ 
graded  classes.  In  Association,  no  class  or  part 
of  the  community  must  be  abased  to  Jit  them  < 
for  the  performance  of  repulsive  and  uncleanly  > 
functions ;  as  a  consequence,  powerful  in-  \ 
centives  and  inducements  must  be  connected  jj 
with  such  functions,  and  their  execution  must  <! 
be  induced  by  an  appeal  to  the  highest  and  | 
noblest  Sentiments  in  man — to  Devotion  and  \ 
self-sacrificing  Love,  so  that  they  may  be  per-  \ 
formed  with  voluntary  enthusiasm.  \ 

The  Series,  which  will  assume  the  perform¬ 
ance  of  uncleanly  and  repulsive  works  and  ? 
functions,  will  be  called  the  Sacred  Legion.  < 
It  will  rank  first  in  public  estimation  and  will 
take  precedence  of  all  other  Series.  It  will 
be  composed  principally  of  Boys  of  an  ardent  j 
•temperament,  from  the  age  of  nine  to  sixteen,  j 
Boys  have  at  this  age,  as  we  know,  no  natu¬ 
ral  antipathy  or  repugnance  to  dirty  or  offen¬ 
sive  contacts.  To  compass  a  trick,  they  will 
sometimes  resort  to  the  most  filthy  expedients 
without  any  regard  to  personal  considerations : 
indeed,  it  may  be  said  that  a  majority  of  them  j 
have  a  taste  for  dirt,  and  this  inclination  will 
overcome  any  dislike  for  the  uncleanly  works 
which  they  will  assume  in  Association,  and  j 
allow  them  to  take  part  freely  in  the  Series  \ 


or  Corporation  of  the  Sacred  Legion,  which 
they  will  be  induced  to  do  from  Devotion  and 
social  Philanthropy,  and  from  the  high  honor 
and  consideration  which  will  be  bestowed 
upon  its  functions. 

This  Series  must  be  numerous  enough  <to 
require  the  attention  of  the  members  for  but 
an  hour  or  two  every  other  day,  and  admis¬ 
sion  must  be  made  difficult,  and  considered  a 
signal  favor.  The  works  of  the  Sacred  Le¬ 
gion  will  not  be  productive,  and  yet  they  will 
be  considered  the  most  valuable;  for  this  no¬ 
ble  Corporation,  in  assuming  from  Social  Cha¬ 
rity  and  a  spirit  of  Self-Sacrifice  uncleanly  and 
repulsive  occupations,  will  obviate  and  smo¬ 
ther  numerous  causes  of  disagreement  and 
dissatisfaction,  prevent  the  debasement  and 
lowering  in  public  estimation  of  any  Class,  do 
away  with  the  spirit  of  caste  and  false  dis¬ 
tinction  in  Society,  and  maintain  free  inter¬ 
course  and  friendly  union  between  all  its 
members. 

The  members  of  the  Sacred  Legion  will  not 
be  degraded  by  the  work  which  they  will  per¬ 
form,  because  they  will  execute  it  from  gene¬ 
rous  and  noble  sentiments  and  motives,  which 
will  exalt  and  dignify  in  public  estimation  its 
functions. 

This  reference  to  the  Series  of  the  Sacred 
Legion  will  serve  to  answer  the  question, 
which  will  be  raised  in  many  minds,  as  to 
the  manner  in  which  all  dirty  or  uncleanly 
work,  and  repulsive  and  disagreeable  func¬ 
tions,  will  be  performed  in  Association.  The 
performance  of  works  and  functions  of  this 
class,  now  so  degrading,  will  result  from  the 
action  of  a  passion  in  man  which  has  not  been 
at  all  understood,  but  has  been  fully  analyzed 
and  explained  by  Fourier;  it  is  the  passion 
of  Self-Sacrifice.  This  passion  requires  satis¬ 
faction  as  much  as  any  passion  in  the  human 
heart ;  it  manifests  itself  by  acts  of  devotion, 
and  delights  in  privations  and  self-imposed 
labprs  and  dangers  for  the  good  of  others ;  it 
presents  in  Man  what  appears  the  strange 
anomaly  of  satisfaction  and  pleasure  being 
found  in  discomfort,  privation,  and  even  sufi 
fering. 

This  Passion  is  often  exhibited  at  present 
by  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  devote  themselves 
to  the  care  of  the  sick,  by  certain  classes  of 
Missionaries,  and  the  Forlorn  Hope  in  Ar¬ 
mies. 

We  find  also  in  the  Evangelists  a  typical 
example  of  the  performance  of  a  lowly  and 
menial  function  being  sanctified  and  exalted, 
and  the  sacred  obligation  of  its  performance 
inculcated  by  practical  precept.  The  act  to 
which  we  refer  may  be  considered  as  the 
Type  of  a  class  of  Functions  and  Duties,  which 
must  be  performed  in  human  societies,  and 
the  hand  by  which  this  act  was  performed, 
should  sanction  the  work  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Christian  world. 

lt  Jesus  riseth  from  supper,  and  laid  aside  his  gar¬ 
ments  ;  and  took  a  towel,  and  girded  himself. 

“  After  that,  he  poureth  water  into  a  basin,  and 
began  to  wash  the  disciples’  feet,  and  to  wipe  them 
with  the  towel,  wherewith  he  was  girded. 


THE  SACRED  LEGTON. 


“  Then  came  he  to  Simon  Peter :  and  Peter  saith 
unto  him,  Lord,  dost  thou  wash  my  feet? 

«  Jesus  answered,  and  said  unto  him,  what  I  do, 
thou  knowest  not  now ;  but  thou  shalt  know  here¬ 
after. 

«  Peter  saith  unto  him :  Thou  shalt  never  wash  ; 
my  feet.  Jesus  answered  him,  if  I  wash  thee  not, 
thou  hast  no  part  with  me. 

11  Simon  Peter  saith  unto  him,  Lord,  not  my  feet  j 
only,  but  also  my  hands  and  my  head.” 

*****  j 

“  So  after  he  had  washed  their  feet,  and  had  taken 
his  garments,  and  was  set  down  again,  he  said  unto 
them,  Know  ye  what  I  have  done  to  you? 

“  Ye  call  me  Master  and  Lord :  and  ye  say  well ;  1 
for  so  I  am.  j 

11  If  I  then,  your  Lord  and  Master,  have  washed  t 
your  feet,  ye  also  ought  to  wash  one  another’s  feet,  j 

“  For  I  have  given  you  an  example,  that  you  should  l 
do  as  I  have  done  to  you.  | 

“  Verily,  verily,  I  say  unto  you,  the  servant  is  not  j 
greater  than  his  Lord :  neither  he  that  is  sent,  ^ 
greater  than  he  that  sent  him.  \ 

“  If  ve  know  these  things,  happy  are  ye  if  ye  do  \ 
them.” — St.  John  xiii. 

“  The  whole  system  of  Attractive  Industry  i 
and  Social  Harmony,”  says  Fourier,  “would  \ 
fall  prostrate,  if  means  were  not  found  of  con-  ) 
necting  powerful  incentives  with  the  execu-  | 
tion  of  all  uncleanly,  repulsive  and  disgusting  j 
branches  of  work,  the  performance  of  which  j 
is  now  only  procured  by  pay  and  the  debase-  <; 
ment  of  a  portion  of  our  fellow-creatures.” 

“If  there  existed  in  the  Combined  Order  j 
one  single  function,  which  was  despised  and 
deemed  ignoble  and  degrading  for  the  persons 
that  exercised  it,  all  inferior  parts  and  duties  \ 
in  the  different  branches  of  Industry — in  the  j 
stables,  kitchens,  private  apartments,  manu-  j 
factories,  workshops,  etc.  —  would  soon  be 
despised;  this  degradation  would  gradually  j 
extend  from  branch  to  branch;  a  contempt 
for  Industry  would  grow  up  again  by  degrees, 
and  the  result  would  be  that  those  persons 
who  produced  nothing,  who  lived  in  idleness 
and  were  of  no  service  to  Mankind,  would 
constitute  as  at  present  the  polite  and  re-  \ 
spected  Classes.” 

“  It  is  reserved  for  the  Sacred  Legion  to  j 
preserve  the  Social  Body  from  thr»  Contami-  jj 
nation,  by  taking  upon  itself  from  generous 
Devotion  and  a  spirit  of  Self-Sacrifice  the  per-  j 
formance  of  all  uncleanly  and  despised  works  \ 
and  functions,  which  it  will  exercise  for  the  \ 
Mass  and  not  for  the  Individual .” 

“  To  the  labors  of  this  noble  Corporation  l 
will  he  due  the  maintenance  of  general  Friend-  j 
ship  and  social  Equality  among  all  Mankind,  j 
which  is  one  of  the  cardinal  conditions  of  So¬ 
cial  Unity.  The  Sacred  Legion  will  exercise 
the  only  branch  of  Charity  which  will  remain 
to  be  performed  in  the  Combined  Order.  There 
will  be  no  more  Poor  to  succor,  no  more  Cap-  \ 
tives  to  deliver,  no  more  Slaves  to  free ;  the 
performance  of  dirty  and  degrading  functions 
will  consequently  alone  remain,  and  they  will 
be  assumed  by  the  Sacred  Legion,  composed 
principally  of  youths.'  This  will  be  a  charity 
of  a  hi^h  order,  as  it  will  prevent  the  social 
inequality  and  abasement  of  any  class  of  So¬ 
ciety  or  portion  of  Mankind :  it  will  establish  j 
that  Fraternity — that  free  and  friendly  In -  > 


« 3 


tercourse  between  all  Classes,  which  has  so 
long  been  the  dream  of  politicians  and  philo¬ 
sophers.” 

“  The  Sacred  Legion  will  rank  as  the  Ser¬ 
vant  of  God  in  the  maintenance  of  Indus¬ 
trial  Unity.  Preserver  of  Social  Honor,  it 
will  crush  the  head  of  the  serpent  in  a  social 
sense,  for  it  will  purge  from  Society  a  venom 
worse  than  that  of  the  viper.  In  assuming 
all  filthy  and  degrading  occupations,  it  will 
smother  that  Pride,  which  in  undervaluing 
any  of  the  industrial  classes,  would  destroy 
general  Friendship  and  establish  anew  dis¬ 
tinctions  of  rank  and  the  spirit  of  caste  in 
Society.  It  will  be  the  centre  of  all  the  so¬ 
cial  virtues,  and  will  furnish  one  of  the  four 
supports  (the  third)  on  which  Association  will 
rest  • 

“  Industrial  Attraction. 

“  Equilibrium  in  the  Division  of  Profits. 

“  Friendly  Intercourse  between  all  classes. 

“  Equilibrium  of  Population  without  unna¬ 
tural  restraints.” 

“  The  Sacred  Legion  will  be  paid  by  ho¬ 
nors  without  end !  In  important  industrial 
enterprises,  it  will  take  the  lead,  and  receive 
from  the  highest  authorities  the  first  salute. 
In  the  church  its  place  will  be  at  the  altar, 
and  in  all  ceremonies  it  will  occupy  the  post 
of  honor !” 

We  will  conclude  this  article  by  quoting  a 
few  remarks  from  the  London  Phalanx  by 
Hugh  Doherty,  which  explains  beautifully 
the  principle  of  Self-Denial  and  Self-Sacri¬ 
fice. — 

“  Self-Denial  is  the  essence  of  Religion, 
the  principle  or  bond  of  universal  Unity.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  Fourier,  it  is  the  seventh  note  or 
element  of  every  principle  of  action  in  the 
soul  of  Man  in  true  development,  and  every 
Corporation  or  Series  in  associative  Unity 
will  contain  a  Group  of  votaries  devoted  to 
the  service  of  Religious  Unity  and  Self-Denial 
— temporal  and  spiritual — corresponding  to 
the  Sabbath,  or  the  seventh  day  of  every 
week,  which  God  has  set  apart  for  worship 
and  religious  contemplation.” 

“  The  law  of  life  and  universal  Unity,  ac* 
cording  to  Fourier,  is  this :  “  God  distributes 
to  his  creatures  their  particular  Attractions 
and  Desires  in  due  proportion  to  their  Desti¬ 
nies  respectively,  and  the  exception  to  this 
law  of  distribution  is,  that  Man,  while  here 
on  earth,  aspires  to  heaven  and  a  higher  Des¬ 
tiny  than  he  can  here  enjoy.  This  being  the 
exception  to  the  law  of  life  which  binds  him 
to  the  earth  in  his  attractions  and  desires,  is 
then  the  link  of  universal  Unity,  which  binds 
the  soul  of  Man  to  heaven  while  yet  on  earth, 
and  every  seventh  function  in  material  and 
spiritual  life  should  be  religious,  and  diverge 
from  earthly  satisfaction  to  immediate  hea¬ 
venly  aspiration  as  an  act  of  self-denial  and 
devotedness,  or  sacrifice  of  self  to  God  and 
universal  Unity.  This  is  the  principle  which 
leads  Fourier  to  organize  a  Group  of  Self- 
Denial  in  every  corporation  of  Industrial  Acti¬ 
vity  in  a  united  body,  as  well  as  an  especial 


64 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


corporation  of  the  clergy  as  the  Spiritual  Pas¬ 
tors  of  the  flock.  It  universalizes  the  reli¬ 
gious  aspiration,  and  reduces  it  to  practice  as 
a  principle  of  self-denial  and  devoted  ness  in 
every  sphere  of  action  in  Society ;  so  that  self- 
denial  and  religious  purity  will  run  through 
all  the  veins  of  social  life,  and  purify  exist¬ 
ence  in  its  very  source.” 

“  This  would  be  impossible  in  false  and 
individualized  Society,  as  it  exists  at  present, 
but  in  genuine  Associative  Unity  according  to 
the  principles  ordained  by  Providence,  it  is 
not  only  practicable,  but  essential  to  the  pu¬ 
rity  of  life,  both  individually  and  collectively. 
It  is  the  bond  of  Universal  Unity,  the  Chris¬ 
tian  principle  of  truth  and  heavenly  self-denial 
manifested  in  all  Mankind,  as  Christ  himself 
was  manifested  individually  in  the  flesh.” 

- o - 

# 

GUARANTEE  OF  AN  AMPLE  SUFFI¬ 
CIENCY. 


An  Ample  Sufficiency,  or  the  means  of 
supplying  the  physical  wants  and  oi  securing 
health,  comfort  and  agreeable  recreation,  must 
be  guarantied  to  every  human  being.  This 
provision  is  termed  by  Fourier  the  “Minimum,” 
to  which  every  being  is  entitled  by  virtue  of 
his  humanity  and  his  existence  upon  the 
earth.  It  will  comprise  an  abundant  supply 
of  food,  clothing,  lodging  and  recreation; — or 
more  strictly  defined,  admission  to  the  public 
tables;  the  possession  of  a  good  apartment; 
changes  of  comfortable  and  genteel  clothing; 
the  privilege  of  entering  and  using  the  libra¬ 
ries,  reading-rooms,  baths,  etc.,  and  the  right 
of  attending  concerts,  festivities,  the  amuse¬ 
ments  of  the  Association,  and  social  unions 
and  public  assemblies. 

Man  without  the  full  satisfaction  of  all  his 
physical  wants,  without  an  abundant  supply 
of  the  material  comforts  which  his  physical 
nature  requires,  without  freedom  from  care 
and  anxiety  for  himself  and  his  family  for  the 
present  and  the  future,  without  pecuniary  in¬ 
dependence,  cannot  enjoy  his  most  precious 
rights,  cannot  possess  perfect  Liberty,  for  his 
time  and  his  person  are  not  his  own,  and  can¬ 
not  give  freedom  and  expansion  to  higher 
sentiments  and  feelings  of  his  nature. 

The  guarantee  to  every  individual  of  a  Suf¬ 
ficiency  or  Minimum,  is  consequently  the  first 
condition  of  a  true  Social  Order.  Without  it, 
there  is  that  frightful  Uncertainty  of  the  Fu¬ 
ture  with  its  harassing  cares  and  slavish  de¬ 
pendency,  which  render  it  necessary  for  every 
being  to  think  exclusively  of  himself,  to  prac¬ 
tice  selfishness  and  smother  the  generous 
feelings  and  affections  of  the  soul. 

The  objection  will  be  raised  that  if  Asso¬ 
ciation  guaranties  a  Sufficiency  to  Man,  he 
will  abandon  Industry,  and  pass  his  time  in 
idleness:  he  would  do  so,  if  Industry  were  to 
remain  repugnant  and  degrading  as  it  now  is ; 
and  hence  the  absolute  necessity  of  rendering 
Industry  Attractive,  so  as  to  induce  man  to 
devote  himself  with  pleasure  to  its  pursuits, 


I  and  produce  enough  to  secure  to  Society  a 
j  reciprocal  guarantee  for  its  guarantee  of  a 
<  Sufficiency — that  is,  a  return  for  its  advances. 
I  “  There  is,”  says  Fourier,  “no  real  liberty 
\  or  independence,  without  the  guarantee  of  a 

I  Sufficiency  or  Minimum. 

“  There  is  no  Sufficiency,  without  Attrac¬ 
tive  Industry. 

“  There  can  be  no  Attractive  Industry  with 
the  present  isolated  and  individual  system  of 
Labor. 

“  Consequently  a  Sufficiency,  sustained  by 
a  system  of  Attractive  Industry,  is  the  sole 
|  avenue  to  Liberty  and  Independence, 
s  “To  enter  this  avenue,  we  must  extricate 
<  ourselves  from  the  present  false  and  incohe- 
\  rent  system  of  Society  called  Civilization,  and 
<  enter  into  the  Combined  or  Associated  Or- 
$  der.” 

This  Institution  of  the  Combined  Order — 
\  the  guarantee  of  a  “  Minimum” — will  be  the 
j  inauguration  of  a  Social  Providence  in  human 
;  societies,  and  the  practical  realization  of  the 
\  prayer  of  Christ,  that  Humanity  should  have 
<  its  “daily  bread.”  It  will  correspond  to  that 
l  wish  as  the  Sacred  Legion  will  correspond 

I  to  the  act  of  humble  devotion  and  charity  re¬ 
ferred  to  in  describing  that  Corporation.  It 
could  be  shown  that  there  will  be  in  the 
Combined  Order,  institutions  and  practical 
arrangements  which  will  correspond  to  or  be 
types  of  all  the  precepts  and  wishes  of  Christ. 

ij  - o - 

\  SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION  IN  ASSO- 
\  CIATION. 

|  [From  Fourier.] 

\ 

i  EDUCATION  OF  EARLY  INFANCY,  EXTENDING  TC 
i  THE  AGE  OF  TWO  YEARS. 


There  is  no  problem  upon  which  more 
\  contradictory  theories  have  been  promulgated 
\  than  upon  that  of  public  instruction  and  its 
methods.  To  see  clearly  in  this  confusion 

I  of  systems,  let  us  first  determine  the  object  to 
be  attained. 

The  object  of  the  Education  of  Association 
is  Unity  (in  manners,  language,  habits,  be¬ 
lief,  etc.),  and  a  complete  moral,  intellectual 
s  and  physical  Development  of  all  beings, 
j  To  attain  these  ends  it  must:  First,  develope 
i  combinedly  both  the  body  and  the  mind:  the 
present  systems  of  Education  fulfil  neither  of 
;  these  two  conditions ;  they  neglect  the  body, 
|  and  pervert  the  faculties  of  the  mind  and  the 
passions. 

\  Second,  it  must  embrace  all  parts  ‘of  the 
\  body  and  all  the  passions  of  the  soul,  and 

I  give  perfection  to  both.  Our  present  systems 
do  not  perfect  the  body,  and  they  vitiate  the 
passions  by  selfishness  and  duplicity. 

Internal  Riches  or  Health,  and  External 
Riches  or  the  means  of  material  Comfort  and 
Happiness,  being  the  primary,  though  not  the 
first,  wants  of  Man,  the  Education  of  Asso¬ 
ciation  should  commence  by  directing  th« 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


65 


child  to  productive  Industry,  which  is  the 
source  of  both.  To  do  so  successfully,  it  must 
destroy  a  shameful  characteristic  of  civilized 
Society,  which  does  not  exist  in  the  Savage 
state — that  is,  the  coarseness  and  rudeness  of 
the  poorer  Classes,  and  the  difference  between 
them  and  the  richer  Classes  in  language  and 
manners. 

General  Urbanity  and  Unity  of  language 
and  manners  can  only  result  from  a  uniform 
system  of  education,  which  will  give  to  the 
poor  child  the  manners  and  tone  of  the  rich. 
If  there  were  in  the  Combined  Order  diffe¬ 
rent  systems  of  education  for  the  Poorer  and 
the  Richer  as  there  are  at  present,  the  same 
result  which  we  now  see — that  is,  incompati¬ 
bility  of  classes  and  gross  incongruity  of  man¬ 
ners,  would  take  place.  Such  an  effect  would 
produce  general  Discord :  it  is  consequently 
the  first  defect  which  the  policy  of  Associa¬ 
tion  should  avoid ;  it  will  do  so  by  a  system 
of  education,  which  will  be  one  and  the 
same  for  the  entire  Association,  as  well  as  for 
the  entire  globe,  and  which  will  everywhere 
establish  Unity  and  Politeness  of  manners. 
People  in  Association  will  feel  as  much  friend¬ 
ship  for  each  other  as  they  now  feel  indiffer¬ 
ence,  dislike  or  hatred.  An  Association  will 
consider  itself  as  a  single  family  perfectly 
united : — now  an  opulent  family  cannot  wish 
that  one  of  its  members  should  be  deprived 
of  the  education  which  the  others  have  re¬ 
ceived. 

We  will  remark  before  proceeding  farther, 
that  the  maintenance  of  the  two  extreme 
ages — that  is,  of  little  children  up  to  their 
fourth  year,  and  of  persons  extremely  ad¬ 
vanced  in  age  or  infirm,  will  be  considered  in 
the  Combined  Order  as  a  branch  of  Social 
Charity :  the  Association  will,  in  consequence, 
bestow  gratuitously  every  care  upon  the  child 
until  it  is  four  years  old.  The  Association 
will  defray  all  the  expenses  of  the  nurseries 
where  the  children  are  taken  care  of.  (If  this 
gratuitous  care  be  not  extended  beyond  the 
fourth  year,  it  is  because  children  after  that 
age  will  make  themselves  useful  enough  to 
pay  the  slight  expense  of  their  maintenance.) 
The  Series  of  nurses  and  assistant  nurses  will, 
like  other  Series,  be  paid  by  a  dividend  out 
of  the  general  product. 

The  Association  will  fit  up  in  one  of  the 
wings  of  the  Edifice  large,  convenient  and 
healthy  nursery-rooms,  where  the  child  will 
n>e  supplied  with  every  comfort  and  conve¬ 
nience  that  its  tender  age  and  well-being  de¬ 
mand.  With  our  present  defective  methods, 
a  cradle  only  is  provided  for  the  child  as  a 
place  of  repose;  in  addition  to  the  cradle,  the 
child  in  the  nursery  of  an  Association  will  be 
furnished  with  an  elastic  matress,  on  which 
it  can  lay  and  roll ;  these  matresses  will  be 
separated  by  silken  nets,  so  that  the  children 
can  see  but  not  touch  each  other.  The  rooms 
will  be  kept  at  the  proper  temperature,  so  as 
to  admit  of  the  child  being  lightly  dressed, 
and  to  dispense  with  heavy  swaddling  clothes. 
The  doctors  will  visit  the  nurseries  daily. 

As  perfect  Liberty  in  all  relations  will  exist 

9 


in  Association,  the  Mother  can,  if  she  wishes, 
have  her  child  in  her  own  apartments,  and 
take  care  of  and  bring  it  up  as  she  desires ; 
or  she  can  take  part  in  the  Series  of  Nurses, 
and  be  with  it  in  the  large  nurseries — aiding 
in  taking  care  of  other  children,  and  being 
|  well  paid  at  the  same  time.  Association  will 
|  secure  to  mothers  all  the  rights  that  they 
j  now  possess,  and  will,  in  addition,  offer  them 
5  the  advantage  of  nurseries  fitted  up  in  the 
|  most  complete  and  perfect  manner,  and  re- 

>  lease  them  from  the  slavish  duties  which  they 
■  now  must  often  perform. 

The  Nurses  will  be  in  constant  attendance, 
\  they  will  be  divided  into  Groups,  and  will 
have  their  duty  to  perform  by  turns,  so  that 
I  they  will  be  relieved  every  two  hours.  At 

>  no  moment  of  the  night  or  day  must  the  nur¬ 
series  be  without  experienced  overseers,  who 
are  skilful  in  comprehending  and  satisfying 

|  all  the  wants  of  the  children.  The  mother, 
:  if  she  chooses,  has  no  other  duty  than  to  at- 
'  tend  at  certain  hours  for  the  purpose  of  nurs¬ 
ing  her  child.  This  duty  performed,  she  can 
devote  herself  to  all  the  occupations  of  the 
iSeries  to  which  she  belongs. 

The  Nurses  and  Assistant-nurses  will  rc- 
;  ceive  not  only  a  large  dividend  for  their  labor, 

;  but  they  will  be  paid  high  honors ;  they  will 
j  be  considered  as  common  mothers,  and  hold 
a  high  rank  in  all  festivities.  The  combina¬ 
tion  of  all  these  inducements  is  necessary  to 
organize  a  Series  with  a  passion  for  a  work 
;  so  little  attractive  in  itself. 

In  Association,  the  most  opulent  mother 
would  not  think  of  bringing  up  her  child 
isolatedly  in  her  own  apartments,  although 
;  she  would  have  perfect  liberty  to  do  so.  It 
;  would  not  receive  one  quarter  of  the  care, 

\  which  would  be  bestowed  upon  it  in  the  large 
nurseries ;  for  with  every  imaginable  expense, 

;  a  Series  of  intelligent  Nurses,  wnose  charac- 
:  ters  were  adapted  to  those  of  the  children, 

>  with  a  passion  for  their  occupation,  could  not 
be  procured.  The  richest  mother,  with  every 

\  outlay,  could  not  have  a  nursery  of  so  uniform 

>  a  temperature,  with  its  conveniences,  and 
the  company  of  other  children  of  the  same 

:  character,  who  would  mutually  divert  and 
amuse  each  other.  It  is  particularly  in  the 
Education  of  early  Infancy  that  we  shall  see 
how  much  better  the  children  of  a  person  in 

>  the  most  moderate  circumstances  in  Associa¬ 
tion  will  be  educated,  than  can  be  those  of  the 

>  richest  Potentate  at  present. 

i  Everything  at  present  is  so  arranged  as  to 
j  make  an  infant  the  torment  of  an  entire  house, 

:  and  at  the  same  time  a  torment  to  itself.  The 

I  child  desires  instinctively  the  arrangements 
and  comforts  which  it  would  find  in  the  nur¬ 
series  of  an  Association,  and  for  want  of 
them,  it  distracts  by  its  cries,  parents,  ser¬ 
vants  and  neighbors,  while  it  injures  its  own 
health. 

We  will  refer  briefly  to  the  first  germs  of 
intellectual  Education,  which  will  be  given 
in  Association  to  the  child  during  the  first 
and  second  years  of  its  age.  This  primary 
Education,  the  most  wealthy  Classes  cannot 


66 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


now  give  to  their  children.  A  great  expense  l 
is  often  incurred,  and  with  no  other  result  j 
than  to  pervert  the  character  of  the  child,  l 
misdirect  its  faculties  and  injure  its  health.  { 
At  the  age  of  six  months,  a  period  at  which 
at  present  not  the  least  instruction  is  given  to  $ 
children,  the  greatest  care  will  be  taken  in  ^ 
Association  to  develope  and  refine  their  Senses,  l 
and  to  give  them  corporal  Dexterity;  the  ex- 
elusive  use  of  one  hand  or  arm,  which  renders  \ 
the  other  awkward  and  in  part  useless,  will, 
for  example,  be  avoided.  A  correct  ear  for  > 
music  will  also  be  given  to  children  by  sing-  \ 
ing  trios  and  quartettes  three  or  four  times  a 
day  in  the  nurseries,  and  by  teaching  those 
who  are  old  enough,  to  march  to  the  sound  of  ? 
instruments.  Methods  will  also  be  employed  < 
to  add  great  delicacy  and  acuteness  of  hearing  j; 
to  correctness  of  ear,  and  to  perfect  the  other 
Senses.  \ 

The  profession  of  Nurse  will,  consequently,  j 
require  numerous  qualifications,  and  will  not  / 
merely  consist  as  at  present  in  singing  songs 
out  of  tune,  and  in  frightening  children  with  jj 
ghost  stories  to  keep  them  quiet.  The  Nurses  < 
will  study  the  means  of  preventing  their  cries, 
as  calm  is  necessary  to  their  health.  > 

The  noise  of  infants,  which  is  such  an  an-  < 
noyance  at  present,  will  be  very  much  dimi- 
nished  in  the  nurseries  of  an  Association.  < 
Those  of  a  restless  intractable  character  will  j 
be  less  turbulent,  less  noisy  than  are  at  pre- 
sent  those  of  a  good-natured  character.  What 
means  will  be  employed  to  pacify  them? 
Will  the  nature  of  these  little  creatures  be  I 
changed?  No;  but  diversions  and  amuse-  \ 
ments  will  be  procured  for  them  by  placing  \ 
them  in  the  company  of  children  of  sympa- 
thetic  characters.  The  most  noisy  will  cease  < 
their  cries,  when  they  are  placed  with  a 
dozen  other  little  creatures  as  intractable  as  j 
themselves.  They  will  silence  each  other  by  | 
their  screams,  something  like  those  bragado-  > 
cios  who  become  perfectly  mild  and  abandon  j 
their  overbearing  conduct,  when  they  are  in  \ 
the  company  of  their  equals.  j 

Other  diversions  which  may  be  necessary  1 
will  soon  be  discovered  by  the  Nurses.  We  > 
will  here  merely  lay  down  in  principle  the  j 
necessity  of  uniting  children  of  sympathetic 
character.  The  most  screaming  and  intract¬ 
able  will  become  manageable  by  being  classed 
with  their  fellows,  and  will  quiet  each  other  j 
not  by  threats  or  punishments,  but  by  the  j 
effect  of  that  corporate  impression,  which  j 
softens  down  the  most  turbulent  being,  when 
he  is  brought  into  contact  with  persons  like  j 
himself.  This  effect,  neither  the  father  nor  j 
the  mother  can  produce :  the  child  harasses  j 
them,  and  harasses  itself.  j 

In  concluding  these  preliminary  remarks, 
let  us  lay  it  down  as  a  principle,  that  Man  is  | 
a  being  made  for  Harmony  and  for  all  kinds 
of  Association:  God  has  given  to  every  age, 
inclinations  adapted  to  the  means  and  re-  j 
sources  of  Association.  These  resources  are  j 
wanting  in  civilized  Society :  both  the  Child  j 
and  the  grown  Person  are  deprived  of  them ;  j 
and  as  the  Child,  deprived  of  speech,  cannot  l 


explain  its  wants,  it,  of  all  ages ,  suffers  the 
most  by  the  absence  of  the  Serial  organization. 
Infancy  being  less  provided  with  reason  than 
mature  Age,  insists  more  strongly  upon  the 
satisfaction  of  its  instincts — for  the  gratifica¬ 
tion  of  which  no  means  now  exist.  It  pro¬ 
tests  by  its  cries  against  its  subjection  to  a 
system  contrary  to  Nature — cries  which  are 
annoying  to  the  Parent,  and  hurtful  to  the 
Child.  The  education  of  Association  in  satis¬ 
fying  fully  the  infant,  will  relieve  the  parent, 
and  render  two  beings  contented  who  are  now 
discontented.  Thus,  even  in  early  infancy, 
we  find  the  pernicious  action  of  our  false  sys¬ 
tem  of  Society;  it  engenders  double  Evil  in¬ 
stead  of  the  double  Good,  which  Nature  de¬ 
signed  for  us. 

- o - 

EDUCATION  OF  THE  SECOND  ORDER  OF  CHILDREN, 
FROM  THE  AGE  OF  TWO  TO  THREE  YEARS. 


We  now  arrive  at  the  period,  when  the 
initiation  of  the  child  into  Industry,  or  the 
awakening  in  it  of  a  taste  for  industrial  occu¬ 
pations,  commences.  Unless  the  development 
of  industrial  Tastes  or  Instincts  be  early  com¬ 
menced,  the  whole  system  of  Education  will 
be  a  failure. 

As  soon  as  the  child  can  walk  and  run 
about,  it  will  pass  from  the  first  Class  of  chil¬ 
dren,  whom  we  will  call  the  Learners ,  to 
the  Class  next  in  age.  If  the  child  has  been 
brought  up  from  its  birth  in  the  nurseries  of 
an  Association,  and  has  enjoyed  all  the  ad¬ 
vantages  of  its  superior  methods,  it  will  be 
strong  enough  at  the  age  of  two  years  to  join 
the  children  of  this  class. 

As  soon  as  the  child  enters  the  class  of 
Learners,  it  is  confided  to  the  care  of  Indus¬ 
trial  Teachers,  who  have  the  instruction  of 
this  age.  They  will  take  the  child  through 
all  the  workshops  of  the  Association,  and  to 
all  industrial  assemblages  of  children ;  and  as 
it  will  find  little  tools  and  little  workshops 
placed  alongside  the  large  ones,  where  chil¬ 
dren  at  the  age  of  three  years  are  taught  to 
perform  some  trifling  branch  of  work,  it  will 
wish  to  mingle  with  them  in  their  occupa¬ 
tions,  and  handle  the  tools;  it  will  be  easy, 
in  consequence,  to  discover  at  the  end  of  a 
couple  of  weeks,  which  are  the  workshops 
that  attract  it  the  most,  and  for  what  branches 
of  Industry  it  shows  a  taste. 

As  the  branches  of  Industry  of  an  Associa¬ 
tion  will  be  extremely  varied,  it  is  impossible 
that  the  child,  surrounded  by  them,  should 
not  find  the  means  of  satisfying  several  of  its 
predominant  instincts ;  they  will  be  awaken¬ 
ed  by  the  sight  of  little  tools,  handled  by 
children  a  few  months  older  than  them¬ 
selves. 

In  the  opinion  of  most  parents  and  teachers, 
children  are  “lazy  little  creatures:”  nothing 
is  more  false ;  children  from  two  to  three  years 
of  age  are  very  active,  but  we  must  know  the 
means  and  methods  which  Nature  employs 
to  attract  them  to  Industry. 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


67 


The  predominant  tastes  or  characteristics 
in  ali  children,  are  : 

1st.  Propensity  to  pry  into  everything,  to 
meddle  with  and  handle  whatever  they  see, 
and  to  vary  continually  their  occupations. 

2d.  Taste  for  noisy  occupations. 

3d.  Propensity  to  imitation. 

4th.  Love  of  little  tools  and  workshops. 

5th.  Progressive  influence  of  the  older  upon 
the  younger  children. 

There  are  many  others,  but  we  will  men¬ 
tion  these  five  first,  which  are  well  known  at 
present.  Let  us  examine  the  application  to 
be  made  of  them  to  direct  the  child  in  its 
early  age  to  Industry. 

The  industrial  Tutors  will  first  avail  them¬ 
selves  of  the  propensity  of  the  child  to  pry 
into  everything,  a  propensity  which  is  so 
strong  at  the  age  of  two  years.  It  wishes 
to  enter  everywhere,  handle  everything  and 
meddle  with  whatever  it  sees.  This  instinct 
in  the  child  is  a  natural  incentive  to  Industry. 
To  awaken  in  it  a  taste  for  its  occupations,  it 
will  be  taken  to  the  little  workshops,  where 
it  will  see  children  three  years  old  capable  of 
handling  little  hammers  and  other  tools.  Its 
propensity  for  imitation  will  be  aroused,  which 
it  will  wish  to  satisfy ;  some  little  tools  will 
be  given  to  it,  but  it  will  desire  to  take  part 
with  the  children  a  little  older  than  itself, 
who  know  how  to  work,  and  who  in  conse¬ 
quence  will  refuse  to  receive  it. 

The  child  will  persevere,  if  it  has  a  decided 
inclination  or  instinct  for  the  branch  of  Indus¬ 
try.  As  soon  as  the  Tutor  perceives  this,  he 
will  teach  it  some  little  detail  connected  with 
the  work,  and  it  will  soon  succeed  in  making 
itself  useful  in  some  trifle,  which  will  serve 
as  an  introduction. 

In  all  branches  some  trifling  details  will  be 
left  for  childhood  as  a  means  of  initiation  into 
Industry.  For  the  child  two  years  old  these 
occupations  must  be  very  easy  of  execution, 
but  in  performing  them,  it  will  believe  that  it 
has  done  something  of  consequence,  and  that 
it  is  almost  the  equal  of  children  some  months 
older  than  itself,  who  are  already  members  of 
Groups,  and  who  wear  their  little  ornaments 
and  uniforms,  which  inspire  with  profound  re¬ 
spect  the  young  beginner. 

The  child  of  this  age  will  find  consequently 
in  the  little  workshops  of  an  Association  en¬ 
ticing  occupations,  which  are  nowhere  pre¬ 
sented  to  it  at  present,  and  which  will  deve- 
lope  its  tastes  or  instincts  for  Industry.  These 
instincts  now  either  lie  dormant  or  are  en¬ 
tirely  smothered. 

MEANS  OF  DEVELOPING  VOCATIONS,  OR  A  TASTE 
FOR  INDUSTRIAL  OCCUPATIONS. 

1st.  Charm  of  little  workshops  and  little 
tools,  graduated  in  size  to  suit  the  different 
ages. 

2d.  Charm  of  ornaments  and  uniforms :  a 
feather  at  present  often  suffices  to  bewitch 
the  country  lad,  and  induce  him  to  enlist ; 
what  then  will  be  the  power  of  handsome  or¬ 
naments  and  uniforms  upon  the  child  in  in- 


\  ducing  it  to  take  a  part  in  gay  and  happy 
I  Groups  with  its  equals  ? 

3d.  Privilege  of  appearing  on  parade,  and 
j  of  using  tools  :  we  know  how  much  such  pri- 
j  vileges  stimulate  children. 

4th.  Gaiety  and  animation,  which  always 
)  accompany  assemblages  of  children,  when 
they  are  engaged  in  Occupations  which  are 
pleasing  and  attractive. 

5th.  Propensity  to  imitation,  or  inclination 
to  follow  the  example  of  children  a  little 
older  than  themselves,  which  is  so  strong  in 
the  young  age,  and  which  acquires  a  ten-fold 
intensity  when  their  emulation  is  excited  by 

<  the  exploits  of  Groups  of  children  a  little 
\  older  than  themselves. 

6th.  Full  liberty  in  the  choice  of  occupations 
\  and  in  the  duration  of  the  same. 

7th.  Parcelled  exercise,  or  the  advantage  of 
choosing  in  each  branch  of  Industry  the  detail 
which  pleases. 

8th.  Attractive  effect  of  large  assemblages, 
j  and  influence  of  a  regular  gradation  in  uni- 

<  forms,  tools,  etc.,  adapted  to  merit  and  ages, 
(  which  is  the  only  system  that  charms  the 

child  and  can  call  forth  dexterity  in  Industry 
\  and  application  in  Study. 

9th.  Emulation  between  children  of  the 
l  same  class  or  age,  between  Groups  of  a  same 
<j  class  or  Series,  and  between  divisions  of  a 
|  Group. 

10th.  Periodical  chances  of  promotion  to 

<  classes  higher  in  age. 

11th.  Admiration  for  works  which  appear 
|  prodigies  in  their  eyes,  and  which  are  per- 
\  formed  by  groups  of  older  children — the  only 
|  beings  whom  the  younger  ones  choose  as 
|  models. 

The  combination  of  these  incentives  will 
\  develope  in  the  chi/d  in  less  than  a  month 
\  three  or  four  of  its  primary  tastes  or  inclina¬ 
tions,  which  with  time  will  call  out  others : 
j  inclinations  for  more  difficult  branches  will  be 
\  awakened  later. 

Of  all  the  means  of  awakening  a  taste  in 
\  the  child  for  Industry,  the  one  least  known 
'  and  most  perverted  at  present,  is  that  which 
5  we  will  term  the  Spirit  of  ascending  Imita - 
\  tion ,  or  the  tendency  of  the  child  to  imitate 
>  those  a  little  older  than  itself,  to  pay  defer- 

!ence  to  their  views  and  decisions,  and  to  con¬ 
sider  it  an  honor  to  be  associated  with  them 
in  their  occupations  and  amusements. 

This  Spirit  of  ascending  Imitation  is  per- 
i  nicious  in  its  operation  at  present,  because  the 
\  amusements  of  a  band  of  children  left  free, 

^  are  dangerous  or  useless ;  they  play  games  in 
^  which  they  run  the  risk  of  maiming  them- 
<  selves,  acquire  bad  habits  and  learn  vulgarity 
$  of  language  and  manners.  In  Association, 

<  with  the  incentives  we  have  lust  enumerated, 
j  these  same  children  would  be  led  to  devote 
1  themselves  actively  to  acquiring  industrial 

i  knowledge  and  skill. 

The  ignorance  of  the  true  application  of 
ascending  Imitation  shows  the  great  defect  of 
all  our  present  methods  of  education. 

The  child  has  no  taste  for  the  lessons  or 
instructions  of  the  father,  or  a  teacher  under 


68 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


his  orders ;  the  child  wishes  to  command  and  j 
not  to  obey  the  parent.  The  leaders  whom  j 
it  chooses  from  passion,  are  always  somewhat  j 
older  than  itself;  for  example :  \ 

At  18  months,  it  admires  the  child  of  two  j 
years,  and  chooses  it  as  its  guide. 

At  2  years,  it  chooses  the  child  of  thirty  \ 
months.  j 

At  3  years,  the  child  of  four. 

At  8  years,  the  child  of  ten.  ^ 

At  12  years,  the  child  of  fifteen. 

This  ascending  deference  will  be  greatly  < 
increased  in  strength,  if  the  child  sees  chil-  j 
dren  a  little  older  than  itself  members  of  - 
Groups,  and  enjoying  a  merited  respect  for  t 
their  progress  in  Industry  and  Studies. 

The  natural  instructors  of  children  of  each  l 
age  are,  consequently,  those  a  little  superior  l 
in  age.  But  as  children  are,  for  want  of  pro¬ 
per  occupation  to  satisfy  their  love  of  inces¬ 
sant  activity,  more  or  less  inclined  at  present  j 
to  mischief,  and  entice  each  other  into  it,  it  is  i 
impossible  to  establish  among  them  a  grada-  \ 
tion  or  ascending  order  of  useful  impulses  and 
make  each  age  the  guide  of  the  next  younger ;  1 
this  can  only  take  place  in  the  Series,  out  of  j 
which  any  approximation  to  a  system  of  na-  | 
tural  education  is  impossible.  j 

This  natural  system  of  education  will  he  \ 
one  of  the  wonders  which  will  be  admired  in  s 
the  first  Association.  The  different  Orders  or  j 
Ages  of  childhood  and  youth  will  direct  and  \ 
educate  each  other,  as  Nature  wishes,  by  the  ; 
influence  of  ascending  imitation ,  which  can  > 
only  lead  to  the  good  of  the  whole;  for  if  the  j 
highest  order  or  age,  (from  fifteen  and  a  half  \ 
to  twenty,)  take  a  proper  direction  in  indus-  j 
try,  in  studies  and  morals,  it  will  influence  ^ 
and  direct  rightly  the  next  younger  age,  (from  , 
twelve  to  fifteen  and  a  half,)  to  which  it  will 
serve  as  a  model.  The  same  influence  will 
be  exercised  by  children  of  twelve  upon  chil-  j 
dren  of  nine;  by  children  of  nine  upon  chil-  j 
dren  of  six ;  and  thus  in  a  descending  order 
upon  children  of  four,  three  and  two  years 
of  age.  The  different  ages,  directed  by  the  \ 
spirit  of  ascending  imitation ,  will,  although  j 
left  to  their  full  liberty,  vie  with  each  other 
in  excellence  and  activity  in  Industry  and  so-  ij 
cial  Harmonies.  On  beholding  this  prodigy, 
it  will  no  longer  be  doubted  that  the  moral 
or  passional  powers  in  man,  developed  in  Se¬ 
ries,  are  the  agents  of  the  Divinity,  directing 
nim  to  his 'greatest  good.  > 

The  function  of  industrial  Tutor  is  of  high  j 
importance,  because  it  acts  upon  a  decisive  \ 
epoch  in  the  education  of  the  younger  age;  j 
if  the  child  succeeds  well  in  the  commence-  \ 
ment  of  its  industrial  education,  it  will  be  a 
guaranty  of  success  for  the  entire  career  of  its  ; 
childhood.  Once  initiated  into  a  few  branches  j 
of  Industry,  it  soon  will  be  into  a  large  num-  j 
ber,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  it  will  be  ac¬ 
quainted  with  the  various  branches  of  agri-  \ 
culture,  manufactures,  arts  and  sciences,  with  <; 
which  its  own  and  the  neighboring  Associa-  > 
tions  are  engaged.  Let  us  examine  how  this  < 
result  will  be  effected.  \ 


A  child,  were  it  the  son  of  a  man  of  the 
largest  fortune,  may  at  the  age  of  three  years 
exhibit  a  taste  for  cabinet-making  or  shoe¬ 
making,  and  wish  to  visit  the  workshops  of 
the  cabinet-makers  or  shoe-makers,  whose 
pursuits  will  be  in  Association  as  respectable 
as  any  other.  If  it  be  prevented  from  visiting 
their  workshops — if  its  inclination  for  shoe¬ 
making,  for  example,  be  thwarted,  under  the 
pretext  that  it  is  an  occupation  wanting  in 
intellectual  elevation,  it  will  take  a  dislike 
for  other  branches  of  Industry,  and  will  feel 
no  interest  in  those  studies  and  occupations 
which  its  parents  wish  it  to  pursue.  But  if 
it  be  left  to  commence  as  attraction  directs — 
that  is  by  shoemaking— it  will  easily  be  in¬ 
duced  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  tanning,  then 
of  chemistry,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  various 
preparations  of  leather,  and  then  of  agricul¬ 
ture,  so  far  as  pasturage  and  breeding  of  cattle 
have  an  influence  upon  the  quality  of  skins. 

Thus  the  child  by  degrees  will  be  initiated 
into  all  branches  of  Industry,  a  result  of  its 
primitive  inclination  for  shoemaking.  It  is 
of  but  little  consequence  how  it  commences, 
provided  it  acquires  in  the  course  of  its  youth 
a  general  knowledge  of  the  various  branches 
of  Industry  of  its  Association,  and  that  it  con¬ 
ceives  a  lively  affection  for  all  the  Series  from 
which  it  has  received  instruction. 

- o - 

EDUCATION  OF  THE  THIRD  ORDER  OF  CHILDREN, 

FROM  THE  AGE  OF  THREE  TO  FIVE  YEARS. 


In  the  development  of  capacities,  the  same 
system  will  be  applied  to  the  third  Order  of 
children — whom  we  will  call  the  Initiated — 
as  to  the  second  Order,  the  Learners,  for  there 
are  a  great  many  branches  of  Industry  en¬ 
tirely  out  of  the  reach  of  a  child  of  three 
years,  and  for  which  its  tastes  cannot  be 
tested.  There  are  branches  of  work  which 
it  cannot  undertake  before  the  age  of  ten, 
others  before  the  age  of  fifteen.  After  the 
age  of  five  or  six,  emulation  alone  will  be 
sufficient  to  guide  the  child ;  but  up  to  that 
time,  means  of  artificial  development  must 
be  employed.  One  means  will  be  the  em¬ 
ployment  of  all  those  playthings  which  are 
now  useless,  such  as  little  wagons,  wooden 
horses,  etc. —  playthings  which  Association 
will  make  use  of  to  initiate  children  of  three 
and  four  years  into  Industry.  An  example 
will  explain  this. 

George  and  Raymond,  who  are  nearly  three 
years  old,  are  impatient  to  be  admitted  to  the 
class  next  above  them  in  age — to  the  class  of 
the  Initiated,  who  wear  handsome  dresses, 
caps  and  plumes,  and  who  have  a  place  at 
parades,  but  without  taking  an  active  part. 
To  be  admitted  to  this  corporation,  they  must 
give  proofs  of  skill  and  dexterity  in  various 
branches  of  Industry,  and  to  attain  this  end 
they  apply  themselves  diligently.  These  two 
children  are  too  young  to  take  a  part  in  gar¬ 
dening.  However  on  a  fine  morning  a  Tutor 
takes  them  to  the  gardens,  where  a  numerous 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


69 


assemblage  of  children,  four,  five  and  six  years 
old,  have  just  made  a  collection  of  vegetables, 
which  they  are  loading  upon  little  wagons, 
drawn,  perhaps,  by  dogs  properly  trained.  In 
this  assemblage  are  two  friends  of  George 
and  Raymond,  who  have  been  recently  ad¬ 
mitted  among  this  class  of  children. 

George  and  Raymond  desire  to  take  part 
with  these  groups :  this  is  refused  them,  and 
they  are  told  that  they  cannot  make  them¬ 
selves  useful.  As  a  proof,  to  one  a  dog  is 
given  to  harness,  and  to  the  other  some  ra¬ 
dishes  to  do  up  in  a  bunch ;  they  cannot  suc¬ 
ceed  in  performing  the  task  allotted  to  them, 
and  the  older  children  reject  them  without 
pity — for  children  are  very  strict  with  each 
other  as  to  the  manner  of  performing  work. 

George  and  Raymond  seek  in  their  disap¬ 
pointment  their  tutor,  who  promises  them 
that  in  three  days  they  shall  be  admitted,  if 
they  will  take  lessons  in  harnessing  and  doing 
up  vegetables.  They  afterwards  see  the  train 
of  elegant  little  wagons  depart:  the  groups 
of  children  put  on  their  belts  aud  plumes,  and 
forming  in  a  column  around  the  standard,  fol¬ 
low  to  the  music  of  their  little  bands. 

George  and  Raymond,  rejected  by  this  bril¬ 
liant  assemblage,  return  with  tears  in  their 
eyes  to  the  Association,  in  company  with  their 
tutor.  Arrived  there,  he  takes  them  to  the 
rooms  where  the  playthings  are  kept;  he 
gives  them  a  wooden  dog  and  teaches  them 
to  harness  it  to  a  little  wagon ;  he  afterwards 
brings  them  a  basket  of  radishes  and  onions, 
made  of  pasteboard,  and  teaches  them  how 
to  put  them  up  in  bunches;  he  then  proposes 
to  them  to  take  another  lesson  the  following 
day.  He  stimulates  them  to  avenge  the  af¬ 
front  they  have  received,  and  holds  out  to 
them  the  hope  of  being  soon  admitted  to  the 
groups  which  rejected  them.  The  tutor  af¬ 
terwards  takes  them  to  some  other  assem¬ 
blage  of  children,  and  intrusts  them  to  the 
care  of  a  second  tutor,  after  having  finished 
his  two  hours’  instruction. 

The  next  day  the  two  boys  will  wish  to 
see  the  tutor  again,  and  repeat  with  him  the 
lesson  of  the  previous  day.  After  three  or 
four  lessons  of  the  kind,  he  will  take  them  to 
the  groups  employed  in  collecting  the  smaller 
kinds  of  vegetables,  in  which  they  will  know 
how  to  make  themselves  useful,  and  by  which 
they  will  be  received  as  candidates  for  admis¬ 
sion.  On  return  at  eight,  o’clock,  the  signal 
honor  of  being  invited  to  breakfast  with  the 
group,  will  be  conferred  upon  them. 

Thus  the  company  of  older  children  will 
direct  rightly  two  younger  ones,  who  in  civi¬ 
lized  Society  would  be  led  by  them  to  commit 
all  kinds  of  mischief. 

We  here  see  an  example  of.  the  useful  ap¬ 
plication  of  playthings  in  Association.  Give 
a  child  at  present  a  little  wagon  or  drum,  and 
it  will  be  broken  to  pieces  the  same  dav,  or 
if  not,  it  will  in  no  case  be  of  any  utility.  The 
Association  will  always  be  supplied  with  these 
playthings,  but  they  will  be  used  only  for  pur¬ 
poses  of  instruction,  and  as  a  means  of  mi¬ 
nting  the  child  into  Industry.  If  it  be  per¬ 


mitted  to  have  a  drum,  it  will  be  to  enable  it 
to  obtain  admission  to  a  band  of  young  musi¬ 
cians.  Playthings  for  girls,  such  as  dolls,  etc. 
will  be  in  other  ways  of  as  much  use  as  little 
wagons  and  drums. 

Critics  will  probably  remark,  that  the  work 
done  by  the  dozen  little  cars,  could  be  more 
economically  performed  with  one  large  wagon. 
It  doubtlessly  could;  but  for  a  trifling  eco¬ 
nomy  of  the  kind,  the  advantage  of  an  early 
familiarity  with  agricultural  occupations,  such 
as  harnessing,  loading  and  driving  little  wa¬ 
gons,  would  be  lost,  besides  the  more  impor¬ 
tant  advantage  of  exciting  an  interest  in  the 
child  for  the  various  branches  of  cultivation 
in  which  it  takes  a  part  by  the  performance 
of  these  little  details:  this  interest  will  be  ex¬ 
tended  by  degrees  to  Agriculture  in  general. 
It  wrould  be  a  misplaced  Economy  to  neglect 
such  means  of  developing  capacities,  and  ex¬ 
citing  an  attraction  for  Industry. 

Association  can  alone  offer  to  children  in 
all  branches  of  Industry  an  assortment  of 
implements  and  instruments,  such  as  little 
wagons,  little  spades  and  saws,  graduated  in 
size  to  suit  all  ages.  This  adaptation  of  the 
size  of  tools  to  the  strength  of  the  child, 
charms  the  younger  age,  and  it  will  be  parti¬ 
cularly  by  these  means  that  the  propensity  to 
imitation ,  which  is  so  strong  in  children,  can 
be  made  use  of  to  the  greatest  advantage.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  remark,  that  edged 
tools  of  no  kind  will  be  entrusted  to  the  three 
•first  orders  of  childhood. 

Various  little  privileges  wTill  be  conferred 
upon  the  different  Orders  of  children,  and  a 
variety  of  grades  or  ranks  will  exist  in  their 
industrial  Groups.  The  desire  of  obtaining 
these  distinctions  as  well  as  of  being  admitted 
to  the  privileges  of  the  higher  Orders,  will  be 
a  powerful  stimulus  to  children.  The  young 
age  being  but  little  taken  up  by  pecuniary 
considerations  and  not  at  all  by  love,  will  be 
alone  occupied  with  objects  like  the  above. 
Every  child  will  be  impatient  to  rise  from 
grade  to  grade  and  from  age  to  age,  and 
would  anticipate  the  period  of  promotion,  if 
it  were  not  restrained  by  strict  examinations. 
Each  Order  of  children  leaves  the  candidate 
for  admission  to  it  the  choice  of  the  branches 
of  Industry  in  which  it  wishes  to  be  exa¬ 
mined,  for  it  is  of  but  little  consequence  what 
groups  it  joins.  The  child  has  only  to  give 
proofs  of  capacity  in  a  certain  number  of 
groups,  which,  in  receiving  it  as  a  member, 
certify  as  to  its  skill  and  acquirements.  The 
testimonials  of  a  group  are  based  upon  prac¬ 
tical  examinations,  and  no  favor  can  obtain 
them,  as  the  child  must  execute  with  skill 
the  branches  of  w?ork  in  wffiich  it  is  exa¬ 
mined. 

When  children  of  the  class  of  the  Initiated 
wrish  to  obtain  admission  to  the  class  of  chil¬ 
dren  next  above  them,  they  will  have  to  go 
through  an  examination  by  the  class  they 
wish  to  enter  in  regard  to  industrial  Skill, 
corporeal  Dexterity  and  mental  Acquire¬ 
ments. 

1st.  They  must  possess  testimonials  of  being 


70 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


Skilful  in  five  groups,  and  Learners  in  seven  l 
others.  j 

2d.  Undergo  an  examination  in  the  per-  \ 
fcrmance  of  several  industrial  functions,  such  < 
as  the  use  of  tools,  driving  and  managing  j 
little  wagons,  performance  of  a  part  in  the  \ 
little  bands  of  music,  and  lighting  and  covering  j 
fire  with  intelligence  and  dexterity.  (There  s 
are  various  reasons  for  the  performance  of  this  \ 
last  function.) 

3d.  Give  proofs  of  corporal  dexterity  by 
going  through  evolutions  and  exercises  of  dif¬ 
ferent  parts  of  the  body.  j 

4th.  Be  examined  on  a  scientific  problem,  | 
like  that  of  Economy  of  Means ,  which  is  a 
primary  principle  in  Nature,  and  most  intelli-  \ 
gible  to  children  of  this  age. 

We  have  avoided  all  arbitrary  dictation  as  \ 
to  the  sentiments  and  opinions  to  be  deve¬ 
loped  in  early  age.  W e  shall  not  incur  the 
risk  of  falling  into  the  contradictory  views  \ 
and  theories  now  entertained.  To  ascertain  \ 
a  true  system  of  Education,  we  have  a  sure 
guide  to  consult,  which  is  Attraction. 

Where  does  Attraction  (the  sum  or  synthe-  j 
sis  of  the  desires  in  man,)  tend  ? 

1st.  To  Riches. 

2d.  To  Social  Affections. 

3d.  To  Unity. 

It  is  upon  these  general  impulses  that  a  j 
true  system  of  Education  should  be  based,  j 
Our  present  systems  wish  first  to  teach  the  \ 
child  the  sciences  and  principles  of  abstract.  > 
virtue,  which  it  cannot  comprehend ;  whereas,  \ 
following  the  primary  and  earliest  tendency  - 
of  Attraction,  the  child  should  be  first  directed  j 
to  Compound  Riches — that  is:  ] 

To  corporeal  Dexterity  and  Health — which 
are  the  source  of  Internal  Riches. 

To  productive  Industry — which  is  the  source  \ 
of  External  Riches. 

What  connexion  now  exists  between  Health  5 
and  our  schools,  in  which  the  child,  impri-  \ 
soned  and  suffering  constraint,  is  tormented 
over  the  rudiments  of  grammar  or  latin  ?  i 
Its  mind  is  harassed  and  its  body  stunted.  \ 
Our  systems  of  Education  are  consequently  ) 
opposed  to  Nature,  for  they  violate  the  pri-  i 
mary  requirements  of  Attraction,  which  tend 
to  Compound  Riches. 

Such  will  be  the  two  ends  of  the  early  \ 
Education  of  Association.  It  will  first  initiate  / 
the  child  into  and  induce  it  to  exercise  various 
branches  of  Industry,  develope  methodically 
different  parts  of  the  body,  render  itself  useful 
in  various  branches  of  work,  and  enable  it  to 
obtain  by  the  exercise  of  this  variety  of  occu¬ 
pations,  possession  of  the  two  Riches — Inte-  \ 
gral  Health  and  Industrial  Skill.  The  / 
child  five  years  old  must  have  fully  attained  \ 
these  two  ends. 

Up  to  the  age  of  nine  years-  the  education  ' 
of  the  child  will  be  more  industrial  and  cor-  > 
poreal,  and  after  nine,  more  moral  and  intel-  > 
lectual.  In  early  age  the  first  object  is  to  i 
secure  the  complete  action  of  the  corporeal  \ 
functions,  and  simultaneous  development  of  \ 
all  the  organs. 


We  have  given  an  example  of  the  means 
of  interesting  children  in  the  occupations  of 
Industry ;  we  will  give  another  of  the  means 
of  interesting  them  in  Studies.  There  is 
hardly  any  fancy  more  general  in  parents 
than  that  of  having  forward  children  ;  hence 
our  modern  systems  of  education  endeavor  to 
initiate  the  child  into  scientific  subtilities,  to 
teach  it  things  at  the  age  of  six  which  it 
should  not  commence  before  the  age  of 
twelve. 

Association  will  follow  the  natural  order 
of  things,  which  is  to  perfect  the  body  before 
it  educates  the  mind.  We  see  that  nature 
produces  the  blossom  before  the  fruit.  Asso¬ 
ciation  will  follow  this  progressive  method  in 
education,  and  will  make  use  of  characters  as 
they  are,  without  aiming  at  precocity. 

Compound  precocity,  however,  will  be  one 
of  its  results ;  but  to  obtain  it,  children  must 
be  induced  from  their  early  age  to  take  a  part 
in  Industry,  which  in  the  present  system  pos¬ 
sesses  no  attraction. 

Studies  should  follow  second  in  order,  and 
a  curiosity  awakened  by  industrial  occupa¬ 
tions  should  lead  to  them.  In  childhood, 
study  must  always  be  connected  with  Indus¬ 
try,  and  the  practical  occupations  of  the  latter 
must  a-waken  in  it  a  desire  for  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge. 

Edmund,  for  example,  who  is  six  years 
old,  has  a  passion  for  doves  and  violets,  and 
takes  an  active  part  in  the  groups  which  are 
occupied  with  them. 

To  induce  Edmund  to  attend  the  schools, 
resort  will  not  be  had  to  paternal  authority 
or  to  the  fear  of  punishment ;  the  hope  even 
of  rewards  should  not  be  held  out.  Edmund 
and  children  of  his  age,  must  be  induced  to 
solicit  instruction.  How  can  this  result  be 
effected  ?  By  exciting  their  curiosity  and  pro¬ 
ducing  an  impression  upon  the  senses,  which 
are  the  natural  guides  of  the  child. 

The  Tutor,  who  presides  over  the  group  of 
children  occupied  with  the  care  of  doves,  and 
aids  them  with  his  advice,  brings  with  him 
to  their  meetings  a  large  book  containing  co¬ 
lored  engravings  of  all  the  various  species  of 
doves,  among  which  are  those  of  their  Asso¬ 
ciation. 

Colored  engravings  are  the  delight  of  chil¬ 
dren  five  and  six  years  old, — they  examine 
them  with  eager  curiosity.  Under  these 
“  pretty  pictures,”  is  a  short  description  of 
the  birds ;  two  or  three  are  explained  to  the 
children ;  they  wish  to  hear  the  others  read, 
but  the  Tutor  informs  them  that  he  has  not 
time  to  comply  with  their  wishes. 

It  is  understood  by  others  to  whom  they 
may  apply,  that  they  will  not  explain  to 
them  what  they  wish  to  know  ;  the  instruc¬ 
tion  which  they  solicit  is  adroitly  refused 
them,  and  they  are  told  if  they  wish  to  know 
so  many  things,  they  have  only  to  learn  how 
to  read;  some  children  are  pointed  out  not 
older  than  themselves,  who,  possessing  this 
knowledge,  are  admitted  to  the  library  of  the 
younger  age. 

The  Tutor  then  takes  away  the  book  con- 


SYSTEM  OF  INTERNAL  GOVERNMENT. 


71 


taining  the  “  pretty  pictures,”  which  is  wanted 
.n  the  schools.  The  same  means  are  used 
with  the  children  cultivating  violets ;  their 
curiosity  is  excited  without  being  fully  sa¬ 
tisfied. 

Edmund  is  piqued  at  the  disappointment 
which  he  has  met  with  in  the  groups,  and 
wishes  to  learn  how  to  read  in  order  to  gain 
admittance  to  the  library,  and  see  the  large 
books  which  contain  so  many  beautiful  pic¬ 
tures.  Edmund  communicates  his  project  to 
his  companion  Henry,  and  they  together  form 
the  noble  plot  of  learning  how  to  read.  This 
desire  once  awakened  and  manifested,  they 
will  be  aided  in  satisfying  it;  but  in  Associa¬ 
tion  means  must  be  devised  to  induce  them 
to  solicit  instruction.  Their  progress  will  be 
a  great  deal  more  rapid,  when  study  is  the 
effect  of  attraction. 

We  have  here  put  in  play  one  of  the  pre¬ 
dominant  tastes  of  children — the  love  of  co¬ 
lored  engravings,  representing  objects  in  which 
they  take  an  interest,  because  they  are  con¬ 
nected  with  their  industrial  pursuits. 

This  means  will  be  sufficient  to  awaken  in 
the  child  a  desire  of  learning  to  read.  If  we 
analyze  it,  we  shall  find  four  incentives — two 
material  and  two  mental — connected  with  it. 

1.  Material:  Impatience  of  knowing  the 
explanation  of  so  many  pretty  pictures. 

2.  Material:  The  relation  between  these 
engravings  and  the  animals  and  vegetables 
with  which  the  child,  from  passion,  is  occu¬ 
pied. 

3.  Mental:  The  desire  of  admission  to  the 
class  of  children  six  years  old,  who  would 
not  receive  him  if  he  did  not  know  how  to 
read. 

4.  Mental:  The  irony  of  the  more  forward 
children  of  his  own  age,  who,  knowing  how 
to  read,  ridicule  him  for  being  backward. 

Let  these  four-fold  means  of  Attraction  be 
applied,  and  the  progress  of  the  child  will  be 
as  rapid  as  it  will  be  slow  and  doubtful  if  re¬ 
course  be  had  to  present  measures — to  the 
commands  of  the  father  or  a  tutor,  or  to  me¬ 
naces  and  punishments. 

The  same  system  should  be  applied  to  all 
branches  of  studies,  such  as  writing,  gram¬ 
mar,  etc.  A  double  inducement,  like  con¬ 
certed  refusals  and  innocent  stratagems,  which 
awaken  emulation,  will  always  be  resorted 
to.  It  is  only  for  those  branches  of  studies, 
which  are  connected  with  the  industrial  oc¬ 
cupations  of  the  child,  that  this  compound 
interest  can  be  awakened.  The  child ,  conse¬ 
quently,  should  commence  its  education  by  the 
practical  pursuits  of  Industry.  How  defec¬ 
tive  and  partial  are  our  present  methods, 
which  endeavor  to  make  of  the  child  a  geo¬ 
metrician  or  a  chemist,  before  interesting  it 
in  occupations  which  can  awaken  in  it  the 
desire  of  acquiring  a-  knowledge  of  Chemistry 
and  Mathematics,  and  of  combining  those 
theories  with  its  industrial  pursuits.  It  is, 
consequently,  in  Agriculture,  Manufactures 
and  the  care  of  Animals,  that  the  education 
of  the  child  should  commence ;  it  enters  the 


I  schools  only  to  complete  the  introductory 
knowledge,  which  it  has  acquired  in  the  in¬ 
dustrial  groups  to  which  it  belongs. 

(Fourier  has  continued  the  subject  of  Edu¬ 
cation  through  the  different  orders  of  childhood 
and  youth  to  the  age  of  twenty ;  he  has  de¬ 
voted  nearly  two  hundred  large  octavo  pages 
|  in  his  principal  work  to  the  subject;  and  has 
treated  it  in  the  most  complete  and  integral 
manner,  combining  the  greatest  minuteness 
i  of  detail  with  the  highest  and  most  universal 
|  views.  The  power  of  grasping  the  infinitely 
|  great  and  the  infinitely  small,  is  a  striking 
i  characteristic  of  his  genius.  The  condensed 
£  extract  which  we  have  presented,  of  the  edu- 
f:  cation  of  children  up  to  the  age  of  five  years, 
j  gives  but  an  imperfect  idea  of  the  complete- 
/  ness  of  the  system  which  Fourier  has  elabo- 
\  rated,  but  sufficient,  we  trust,  to  show  its 
\  immense  superiority  over  all  methods  of  in- 
j  struction  at  present  employed.) 

|  - o - 

SYSTEM  OF  INTERNAL  GOVERN- 
l  MENT  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


Thf.re  can  be  in  Association  no  individual 
;  control,  dictation  or  tyranny.  With  the  uni- 
;  versal  intelligence  and  independence  which 
<i  will  exist  in  the  Combined  Order,  Govern- 
\  ment — social,  civil  and  religious — must  be 
the  result  of  the  colle'clive  Will ,  expressed  by 
/  vote,  and  as  it  concerns  all  alike,  it  must  be 
'  administered  alike  for  the  interests  of  all.* 


<i  *  We  cannot  enter  into  a  scientific  explanation 
!  of  the  Government  of  the  Combined  Order,  for 

<  to  do  so,  it  would  be  necessary  to  explain  the 

>  true  function  of  Government,  which  is  a  question 
{  of  an  intricate  and  profound  character :  we  will  state, 
'  however,  in  general  terms  that  it  is  the  securing  a 
j;  full  and  harmonious  Development  and  right  direction 
i  of  the  moral  Powers  (the  passions  and  the  senti- 

<  ments)  in  the  human  soul,  and  that  this  is  directly 

<  the  converse  of  the  function  of  Government  in  false 
s  and  subversive  Societies,  which  has  for  its  object  the 
)  general  repression  and  subjection  of  the  human  pas- 
;  sions  and  sentiments.  We  have  an  illustration  of  the 
\  nature  of  the  function  of  true  Government  in  the 

<  Clergy,  whose  office  it  is  to  develope,  cultivate  and 
j  exalt  the  Religious  Sentiment.  In  the  Combined 

>  Order  there  will  be  Officers  whose  functions  in  re- 
l  gard  to  the  other  radical  spiritual  elements  in  man 

<  — of  which  there  are  twelve — will  be  analogous  to 
\  that  of  the  Clergy  in  regard  to  the  Religious  Senti- 
\  ment.  Every  radical  Passion,  as  well  as  the  Pivotal 
l  one  of  Religion,  will  have  its  Institution  and  its 
(  Officers,  and  the  object  of  all  will  be  a  complete 
\  moral,  intellectual  and  physical  development  of  Hu- 
(  inanity.  In  the  subversive  societies  of  the  world, 

<  under  the  period  of  social  discord  and  incoherence, 

<  called  the  “  Curse,”  which  prevails  during  the  in- 
)  fancy  or  early  ages  of  Humanity,  and  which  is  a 

<  lime  of  social  weakness  and  ignorance,  the  passions 
\  are  in  a  general  state  of  false  action  and  disorder  ; 
)  they  have  then  necessarily  to  be  repressed,  subdued 
i  and  controlled,  and  to  do  this  is  the  function  of  Go- 

>  vernment.  The  religious  sentiment  being  the  high* 
est,  and  the  tie  of  Unity  between  God  and  Humanity, 

|  has  commanded  respect,  maintained  its  position,  and 
performed  to  a  great  extent,  although  not  fully,  its 
true  function,  for  it  has  had  to  take  a  part  in  the 
general  work  of  repression  and  subjection. 

The  function  of  Government  in  a  false  social  order 
\  being  mainly  the  repression  and  subjection  of  mis- 


72 


SYSTEM  OF  INTERNAL  GOVERNMENT. 


The  industrial  and  business  affairs  of  an 
Association  will  be  confided  to  Councils  elect¬ 
ed  annually  by  the  members.  There  will  be 
a  Council  at  the  head  of  each  department  of 
general  interests,  composed  of  members  best 
qualified  to  fill  the  various  departments.  The 
Council  first  in  rank  and  importance,  which 
we  will  superficially  describe,  will  be  the 
Council  of  Industry.  This  Council  will 
supervise  the  Industrial  Interests  of  the  As¬ 
sociation.  It  will  consist  of  those  persons 
who  possess  the  most  knowledge,  skill  and 
experience  in  the  various  branches  of  Indus¬ 
try,  and  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  As  in  As¬ 
sociation  Women  will  take  an  active  part  in 
various  industrial  pursuits,  they  will  neces¬ 
sarily  form  a  part  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Industry. 

The  function  of  the  Council  of  Industry 
will  not  be  mandatory  but  advisory  in  its  cha¬ 
racter.  It  will  not  direct  and  order  what 
shall  be  done,  but  counsel  and  advise  with  the 
Groups  and  Series  as  regards  the  direction  of 
affairs.  Composed  of  the  heads  of  the  Se¬ 
ries,  and  the  members  most  distinguished  for 
their  practical  and  scientific  attainments,  the 
suggestions  and  advice  of  this  Council  will 
always  be  received  with  deference  by 'the  va¬ 
rious  Groups  engaged  in  Industry,  but  its  opi¬ 
nion  will  not  be  binding  or  obligatory.  For 
example,  the  Council  of  Industry  may,  from 
various  observations,  inform  a  Series  engaged 
in  growing  grain,  that  Such  or  such  a  time  is 
the  best  for  reaping;  the  Series  will  receive 
with  deference  this  advice,  but  it  will  not  be 
obliged  to  follow  it,  for  as  the  responsibility 
of  success  and  the  direct  interest  rest  with 
each  Series,  it  must,  of  course,  have  the  power 
to  consult  its  own  wishes  in  regard  to  its  own 
branch  of  Industry,  but  as  the  general  inte¬ 
rests  of  the  Council  and  the  Series  are  iden¬ 
tical,  and  as  Science  and  true  Principles  will 
always  govern  the  enlightened  Producers  of 
Association,  the  Series  will  seldom  differ  m 
opinion  with  the  Council,  and  never  to  the 
sacrifice  of  important  interests. 

This  example  shows  how  the  intelligence 
and  knowledge  of  the  Council  of  Industry 
will  be  brought  to  bear  upon  every  industrial 

f>ur suit,  and  confer  advice  that  will  be  inva- 
uable,  wi  thout  being  dictatorial,  or  interfering 
with  and  superseding  individual  opinion  and 
action.  Thus  the  workmen  of  every  Series 
in  an  Association  will  have  at  all  times  the 


directed  and  misdeveloped  human  Passions,  it  must 
have  Officers  whose  functions  shall  correspond  to 
this  work.  This  explains  the  existence  of  the  Exe¬ 
cutioner,  of  the  Jailor,  the  Sheriff,  the  Gens-d’armes, 
the  Bailiff,  the  Police-man,  the  Judge,  and  other 
Officers  of  Courts,  together  with  Legislators  who 
enact  criminal  codes,  and  the  Heads  of  Government 
who  supervise  their  execution. 

The  present  system  of  Government  offers  us  in  its 
general  character  a  reversed  image  of  the  true  sys¬ 
tem  of  Government,  and  can  be  studied  to  advantage 
by  contrasts  or  opposites. 

We  have  touched  upon  this  subject  to  show  that 
the  question  of  Government  in  Association  is  solved 
by  the  social  science  discovered  by  Fourier,  and  that 
it  is  based  in  Association  upon  scientific  and  natural 
Laws. 


I  advantage  of  the  advice  and  counsel  of  a  body 

<  of  experienced  men,  without  being  subject  to 
s  arbitrary  control  or  dictation. 

-  There  are  general  interests,  however,  con- 
/  fided  to  the  Council  of  Industry,  in  which  it 

<  will  have  supreme  control.  With  a  complete 
I  knowledge  of  the  qualities  and  capacities  of 
;  the  soil  of  the  Domain,  by  chemical  analysis 
I  and  other  means,  it  will  appropriate  it  to’dif- 
:  ferent  uses  according  to  its  character,  and  the 
l  general  scenic  harmony  to  be  maintained  in 
;  its  distribution;  it  will  point  out, for  example, 
\  where  fruit-orchards  and  vineyards,  meadows 

and  woodlands,  vegetable  and  flower  gardens 
{  shall  be  located ;  where  walls  and  hedges 

<  shall  be  placed,  and  the  principal  branches  of 
>  Industry  which  shall  be  prosecuted;  it  will 
j!  ascertain  the  value  and  importance  of  all  new 

<  inventions  in  the  mechanical  arts,  in  machi- 
s  nery  and  implements,  new  discoveries  in  agri- 
;  culture  and  improvements  of  all  kinds,  and 
j  introduce  them  accordingly,  and  will  take 
;  measures  to  procure  the  best  races  of  animals 

<  and  the  finest  varieties  of  fruits,  grains,  vege- 

<  tables,  flowers,  shrubbery,  etc. 

I  In  manufactures  the  same  general  supervi- 

Ision  would  be  exercised  by  the  Council  of 
Industry.  It  will  be,  so  to  say,  the  Industrial 
College  of  the  Association,  and  will  shed  the 
light  of  its  science  and  its  array  of  talent  over 
all  the  industrial  affairs  of  the  community; 
and  at  all  times  the  Groups  and  Series  will 
$  find  it  an  intelligent  and  faithful  guide  to  aid 

I  and  direct  them  in  their  pursuits. 

As  the  Council  of  Industry  governs  and  su¬ 
pervises  the  Domain  and  the  Industrial  affairs 
of  the  Association,  other  Councils  will  govern 
and  regulate  other  Departments,  and  nowhere 
will  individual  Authority  be  exercised,  or  offi¬ 
cial  power  be  oppressive. 

A  Council  of  Internal  Arrangements 
$  would  have  the  management  of  the  internal 
<  affairs  of  the  Association,  such  as  letting  the 
|  apartments,  attending  to  the  daily  supplies  of 
<  provisions,  etc. 

/  A  Council  of  Arbiters,  who  will  settle 
\  by  arbitration  all  difficulties  and  differences 

!lhat  may  arise  between  individuals  of  the 
Association,  and  judge  all  misdemeanors. 
When  Association  becomes  general,  and  the 
system  is  fully  carried  out,  this  Council  will 
be  done  away  with,  and  any  infraction  of  the 

I  laws  of  social  Harmony  will  be  judged  by  the 
Corporation  or  Series  having  the  maintenance 
of  those  laws.  We  will  cite  merely  one  ex¬ 
ample — cruelty  towards  animals,  which  would 
come  before  and  be  judged  by  the  tribunal  of 
the  Sacred  Legion. 

$  Until  Association  is  fully  established  the 
)  Civil  Law  of  the  land  will  remain  in  force. 

\  A  Commercial  Council  will  effect  the 
<  sales  and  purchases  of  the  Association,  keep 
\  the  Books  or  Accounts,  and  have  charge  of 
i  the  Treasury.  The  members  of  this  Council 
j  would  be  required  to  give  security  for  the 
(  faithful  performance  of  their  trusts  and  the 
\  safety  of  the  funds  confided  to  their  care. 

|  These  Councils  will  be  elected  annually  by 
i  the  members  of  the  Association. 


MEANS  OF  SPREADING  ASSOCIATION  AND  RENDERING  IT  UNIVERSAL 


73 


GENERAL  GOVERNMENT. 


The  General  Government  of  the  Combined 
Order  will,  like  the  Internal  Government  of  | 
single  Associations,  be  Representative,  and  \ 
will  embrace  and  supervise  all  social  interests  \ 
and  departments  of  human  activity.  There  ; 
will  be  State,  National  and  higher  Legislative  l 
Bodies,  of  which  the  system  of  Government  \ 
of  the  United  States,  with  its  State  and  Na-  \ 
tional  Legislatures,  s>ives  a  general  idea,  j 
These  Legislative  Bodies  will  be  grand  Coun-  < 
cils  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  and  their  <; 
mission  will  be  to  develope  the  resources  of  ' 
Nations,  to  supervise  national  improvements,  \ 
and  to  encourage  and  perfect  Agriculture,  j 
Manufactures,  and  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  for 
which  now  almost  nothing  is  done  by  govern-  < 
ment,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  partial  and  \ 
indirect  attempts  to  encourage  Manufactures,  j 
The  energies  of  Government  throughout 
the  world  are  at  present  miserably  paralyzed  : 
by  party  spirit,  and  wasted  in  party  intrigues ;  ' 
the  political  power  is  unfortunately  too  much  ) 
in  the  hands  of  selfish  cliques  and  parties,  and  : 
too  much  the  servant  of  Trade,  Capital,  Pri-  \ 
vilege  and  exclusive  interests.  In  the  Go¬ 
vernment  of  the  Combined  Order  there  will 
be  Unity  of  purpose,  and  the  intelligence  and 
energy  centered  in  it  will  be  directed  to  the  \ 
encouragement  and  development  of  Universal  j 
interests.  \ 

- -0 -  j 

MEANS  OF  SPREADING  ASSOCIATION  > 

AND  RENDERING  IT  UNIVERSAL. 

_  \ 

And  this  Association  is  a  simple  thing;  an  easy  > 
thing;  a  harmless  thing;  a  moral,  an  i nd ns-  i 
trial,  a  refining  thing;  a  divine,  enthusiastic,  \ 
and  religions  thing.  The  “grain  of  mustard  \ 
seed,  which  indeed  is  the  least  of  all  seeds,  hut  >. 
when  grown,  it  is  the  greatest  of  herbs.”  And  > 
Association ,  the  smallest  of  all  religious  and  ^ 
political  establishments,  is,  in  spirit  and  in  ^ 
truth,  like  the  kingdom  of  heaven  ;  and  the  l 
germ  of  the  highest  and  the  greatest  Institu-  > 
tions  in  both  Church  and  State.  f 

Doherty.  5 

v -  :: 

The  idea  of  effecting  a  reform  in  the  pre-  j 
sent  organization  of  Society  and  of  establish-  j 
ing  a  new  Social  Order  in  its  place,  appears  \ 
at  first  sight  so  vast  and  stupendous  an  under-  ; 
taking,  that  it  is  deemed  impracticable,  and  : 
beyond  the  means  and  power  of  Man.  An  j 
examination  of  the  subject,  however,  will  sa- 
tisfy  the  most  incredulous  and  prejudiced 
minds  that  it  is  neither  wild  nor  impractica-  > 
ble,  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  it  is  feasible  ; 
and  easy,  and  that  Association  offers  us  the  ; 
means  of  effecting  peaceably  and  in  the  inte- 
rest  of  all  classes,  a  complete  transformation  1 
in  the  social  condition  of  the  world.  j 

The  whole  question  of  effecting  a  Social  > 
R.eform  may  be  reduced  to  the  establishment  l 
of  one  Association,  which  will  serve  as  a  mo-  i 
del  for,  and  induce  the  rapid  establishment  of  i 
others.  If  one  Association  be  established,  and  1 
it  is  of  little  consequence  ivhers,  which  will  j 

10 


prove  practically  to  the  world  the  immense 
advantages  of  the  system,  its  vast  economies, 
its  safe  and  profitable  investment  of  Capital, 
and  the  prosperity,  health  and  happiness 
which  it  will  secure  to  mankind,  it  will  spread 
with  a  rapidity  which  the  most  sanguine 
cannot  anticipate. 

It  will  be  with  Association  as  with  all  those 
great  practical  improvements,  which  are 
adopted  at  once  and  by  general  consent  and 
approbation,  when  the  immense  benefits 
which  they  confer  are  demonstrated  by  ex¬ 
periment.  The  Steamboat  offers  among  a 
thousand  others  a  striking  illustration  of  this. 
It  was  only  necessary  for  Fulton  to  build  one 
steamboat,  and  to  prove  to  the  world  by  one 
practical  experiment  the  great  advantages  of 
steam  navigation,  and  soon  the  rivers,  the 
lakes  and  even  the  oceans  of  the  world  began 
to  be  covered  with  them.  It  will  only  be  ne¬ 
cessary  to  establish  one  Association,  and  de¬ 
monstrate  by  one  successful  experiment  the 
immense  advantages  which  the  system  offers, 
and  the  same  results  will  follow,  except  that 
Association  will  spread  with  infinitely  more 
rapidity  than  the  steamboat,  because  it  affects 
directly  all  the  interests  and  the  happiness  of 
mankind. 

An  Association  of  eighteen  hundred  persons 
is  the  primary  and  simplest  element  of  the 
social  Organization  which  we  advocate,  and 
is  to  the  Combined  Order  what  the  Township 
is  to  the  present  Social  Order. 

What  is  a  Township?  It  is  the  smallest 
element,  germ  or  political  compact  of  the 
State.  In  what  does  it  consist,  and  what  is 
its  organization  ?  It  consists  in  a  tract  of 
land,  varying  considerably  in  size,  but  which 
may  be  estimated  upon  an  average  at  about 
six  miles  square,  and  upon  which  reside  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  isolated  families, 
living  in  separate  houses,  on  separate  farms, 
and  with  interests  separate  and  distinct  from 
each  other ;  it  has  its  civil  or  political  organi¬ 
zation,  and  is  an  independent  little  body  poli¬ 
tic  in  the  larger  one  of  the  State  or  Nation. 
The  Township  is  nearly  the  same  in  all  civi¬ 
lized  countries:  in  England  it  is  called  the 
Parish;  in  France  the  Commune;  in  Ger¬ 
many  the  Dorf;  in  Italy  the  Paese ;  and  in 
some  parts  of  the  United  States  the  Hun¬ 
dred,  but  generally  the  Township. 

A  State  or  Nation,  however  large,  is  but  a 
repetition  of  Townships,  as  a  City  is  but  a 
repetition  of  Plouses.  The  United  States,  for 
example,  is  composed  of  States,  the  States  of 
Counties,  and  the  Counties  of  Townships ; 
thus  the  United  States  is  but  a  repetition  of 
Townships.  And  as  a  City  built  of  badly 
constructed  houses,  is  a  mass  of  architectural 
deformity  and  disorder,  so  a  State  or  Nation 
composed  of  falsely  organized  Townships,  is 
a  mass  of  social  and  political  discord  and  in¬ 
coherence.  Now  if  we  can,  with  a  know¬ 
ledge  of  true  architectural  principles,  build 
one  house  rightly,  conveniently  and  elegantly, 
we  can,  by  taking  it  for  a  model  and  building 
others  like  it,  make  a  perfect  and  beautiful 
city:  in  the  same  manner,  if  we  can,  with  a 


CITIES  IN  THE  COMBINED  ORDER. 


m*  ' 
4*± 


knowledge  of  true  social  principles,  organize  < 
one  township  rightly,  we  can,  by  organizing  > 
others  like  it,  and  by  spreading  and  rendering  <> 
them  universal,  establish  a  true  Social  and  j 
Political  Order  in  the  place  of  the  old  and 
false  one.  ij 

It  is  in  the  defective  organization  of  the  > 
township  that  we  must  seek  for  the  causes  of  j 
existing  social  Evils  and  Disorder — of  repug-  ^ 
nant  industry,  of  complication  and  waste,  of  \ 
conflicts  of  the  individual  with  the  collective  > 
interest,  of  false  and  envious  competition,  of  a  i 
bad  application  of  labor  and  talent,  and  of  < 
poverty,  destitution  and  suffering.  These  de-  \ 
fects,  evils  and  disorders  being  common  to  all 
the  townships  of  a  state  or  nation,  the  result  \ 
is  universal  social  evil  and  disorder. 

An  Association  such  as  we  propose,  is  no-  \ 
thing  more  nor  less  than  a  rightly  organized  $ 
township ;  it  will  require  a  tract  ofland  about  \ 
three  miles  square,  on  which  about  eighteen  j 
hundred  persons  or  three  hundred  families  j 
will  reside ;  and  instead  of  living  separately  > 
in  isolated  dwellings,  they  will  live  unitedly 
in  one  noble  edifice ;  there  will  be  economy  > 
and  order,  there  will  be  unity  of  interests,  \ 
concert  of  action,  a  judicious  application  of  \ 
labor,  capital  and  skill,  and  general  ease,  in-  '< 
telligence  and  affluence.  If  we  can  substitute 
peaceably  and  gradually  Associations,  or  right -  ; 
ly  organized  townships,  in  the  place  of  the  > 
present  falsely  and  defectively  organized  j 
townships ,  we  can  effect  quietly  and  easily,  ' 
without  commotion  or  violence,  and  to  the  ; 
advantage  of  all  classes,  a  social  transforma-  s 
tion  and  a  mighty  reform.  <; 

By  means  of  Association,  we  shall  be  able  l 
to  establish  order,  prosperity  and  harmony  < 
of  interests  and  action  in  the  primary  ele-  > 
ment — that  is,  in  the  foundation  of  society,  < 
and  these  characteristics  being  common  to  ? 
all  Associations  or  reformed  townships  com- 
posing  the  state  or  nation,  the  result  will  < 
be  universal  order,  prosperity  and  social  har-  ;> 
mony.  \ 

It  is  evident  then,  that  the  whole  question 
of  a  universal  Social  Reform  and  the  esta-  j 
blishment  of  a  true  Social  Order  upon  the  \ 
earth,  resolves  itself  into  the  right  organiza-  \ 
tion  of  one  single  township.  If  this  organi-  < 
zation  is  known  (and  we  declare  that  Fourier  j 
has  discovered  it),  it  is  clear  that  there  will  \ 
be  no  difficulty  in  reforming  the  present  sys-  < 
tern  of  Society  and  establishing  a  true  one  in  j 
its  place.  \ 

In  concluding,  let  us  point  out  briefly  the 
process  which  will  be  followed  in  spreading  j 
Associations  and  rendering  them  universal.  i 
A  body  of  men,  inspired  by  the  great  idea  of  < 
a  social  reform,  will  unite,  who  will  found  a  < 
first  and  model  Association ;  when  the  world  ? 
sees  the  incalculable  advantages,  which  unity 
of  interests,  truth  in  practice,  attractive  In-  \ 
dustry  and  a  complete  system  of  economies  $ 
secure  to  them,  it  will  begin  to  imitate  the  \ 
movement  of  the  pilot  band ;  a  second,  a  > 
third,  a  fourth,  a  fifth  Association  will  be  < 
founded,  until  a  district  of  country  is  covered ; 
we  shall  then  see  a  large  tract  of  country  :: 


spread  over  with  Associations,  instead  of  in¬ 
coherently  organized  townships. 

If  a  district  can  be  covered  with  Associa¬ 
tions,  it  is  certain  that  by  spreading  them,  a 
State  or  Nation  can  be  covered  ;  and  if  a  Na¬ 
tion  can  be  covered,  a  Continent  can  be  co¬ 
vered;  and  if  a  Continent,  the  whole  Globe. 
The  work  of  a  universal  social  Reform,  which 
now  appears  gigantic  and  impracticable,  will 
in  reality  be  simple  and  easy,  and  require  but 
a  commencement  upon  a  small  scale — one 
single  Association,  which  will  exhibit  the 
truth  in  practice  and  convince  the  world  by 
ocular  demonstration. 


- o - 

CITIES  IN  THE  COMBINED  ORDER. 


We  have  shown  that  Universal  Association 
is  contemplated  by  its  advocates,  and  that  the 
reform  which  will  lead  to  it  can  be  effected 
peacefully  and  gradually,  without  injury  to 
any  class  or  any  interest  in  society".  The 
universal  establishment  of  this  new  Social 
Order,  renders  it  necessary  that  Cities  should 
be  provided  for ;  the  doctrine  of  Association 
would  be  incomplete  and  imperfect,  if  it  did 
not  provide  for  universal  and  collective  ar¬ 
rangements  in  Society,  as  well  as  for  the  de¬ 
tails  and  minute  arrangements  of  a  single 
Association.  Cities  are  necessary  parts  of  the 
social  machine,  and  we  will  briefly  glance  at 
their  construction  and  arrangement  in  the 
Combined  Order,  for  they  must  differ  mate¬ 
rially  and  widely  from  Cities  of  the  present 
social  order. 

The  contrast  between  the  Cities  of  the 
Combined  Order  and  the  Cities  of  existing 
society,  will  be  as  striking  and  as  brilliant  as 
the  contrast  between  the  comforts  and  splen¬ 
dours  of  an  Association  or  combined  house¬ 
hold,  and  the  inconveniences,  monotony  and 
dulness  of  the  single  or  isolated  household. 

What  is  the  general  character  of  a  City  in 
civilized  Society  ?  and  what  will  it  be  in  the 
Combined  Order  ?  A  brief  answer  to  these 
questions  may  convey  to  the  reader  an  idea  of 
the  difference  between  them. 

A  City  at  present  is  a  heterogeneous  mass 
of  small  and  separate  houses  of  all  sizes, 
shapes,  colors,  styles  and  materials,  which 
are  crowded  together  without  regard  to  ar¬ 
chitectural  unity  or  design,  convenience  or 
elegance ;  it  is  cut  up  with  irregular  and  nar¬ 
row  streets,  dark  lanes,  confined  courts,  and 
cramped  yards  and  alleys;  it  has  its  dirty 
and  muddy  streets,  that  annoy  the  inhabi¬ 
tants;  its  filthy  gutters  that  fill  the  atmo¬ 
sphere  with  noxious  exhalations  which  are 
injurious  to  health,  and  presents  a  scene  of 
confusion,  incoherence,  waste  and  disorder. 

A  City  of  civilized  Society  is  a  vast  and 
crowded  receptacle  of  human  beings  not  con¬ 
nected  with  each  other  in  friendly  union  and 
orderly  association,  but  huddled  together  in 
conflicting  and  antagonistic  aggregation.  It 
is,  for  the  most  part,  a  sink  of  poverty,  and 
•with  its  isolated  dwellings,  the  hiding  place 


COMMERCIAL  CITIES  AND  COMMERCE. 


75 


of  a  thousand  vices  and  crimes.  All  that  our 
civilized  Cities  can  hoast  of  in  regard  to  riches 
and  splendor,  intelligence,  refinement  and  en- 
jovment,  serves  but  to  render  the  poverty, 
the  ignorance,  the  degradation  and  suffering, 
which  abound  in  them,  more  hideous  and 
painfully  disgusting. 

The  cities  and  capitals  of  Association  must 
contrast  most  powerfully  with  those  of  civi¬ 
lized  Society,  and  they  will  do  so.  A  City  in 
the  Combined  Order  will  be  a  Group  of  mag¬ 
nificent  Associations,  disposed  with  order  and 
unity  of  design,  surrounded  by  noble  and  ex¬ 
tensive  gardens  and  grounds,  for  the  recrea¬ 
tion  and  healthy  occupation  of  the  inhabi¬ 
tants,  in  which  all  the  beauties  of  nature  and 
the  perfections  of  art  will  be  combined  and 
united  to  charm  and  delight. 

For  every  twelve  Associations  there  will  be 
one  Association  tvhich  will  be  the  Capital  or 
head  of  the  twelve,  corresponding  in  some 
degree  to  the  county  town  of  a  county.  It 
will  be  the  administrative  centre  of  the  As¬ 
sociated  County,  and  at  it  will  be  held  the 
periodical  exhibitions  of  Industry,  Art  and 
Science,  public  celebrations,  etc. 

A  District  of  country  comprising  several 
Associated  Counties,  or  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  Associations,  will  have  a  larger  Ca¬ 
pital,  formed  of  a  Group  of  Associations,  as 
above  described. 

A  State  composed  of  several  Associated 
Districts,  will  have  a  larger  Capital,  formed 
of  a  Series  of  Associations,  or  of  a  number  of 
single  Associations  arranged  in  Serial  order. 
Nations  and  Continents  will  have,  likewise, 
their  Capitals,  which  will  be  embellished  and 
adorned  with  all  the  resources  of  creative  Art 
and  Industry,  and  the  magnificence  of  which 
can  only  be  conceived  when  we  consider  the 
wealth  and  power  of  Nations  in  Universal 
Association,  and  the  collective  pride  and  inte¬ 
rest  which  they  will  take  in  all  grand  unitary 
arrangements. 

The  science  of  Association  teaches  us  the 
Unity  of  the  Human  Race,  and  that  this  unity 
requires  universal  unitary  arrangements — po¬ 
litical,  social  and  religious — corresponding  to 
their  political,  social  and  religious  Unity,  with 
grand  central  Metropolises  for  the  regulation 
and  government  of  the  affairs  relating  to  these 
Unities.  Thus  the  Cities  of  the  Combined 
Order  will  be  great  Centres — administrative, 
scientific,  industrial,  artistic  and  religious — • 
each  for  the  region  over  which  it  presides. 
There,  the  Legislative  Bodies  and  great  Coun¬ 
cils  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  and  the 
great  annual  industrial,  artistic  and  scientific 
exhibitions  will  be  held  ;  and  there  also  will 
be  located  the  grand  galleries  of  Art,  the 
scientific  collections,  the  libraries,  universi¬ 
ties,  etc.,  upon  a  scale  much  more  extensive 
and  magnificent  than  those  of  single  Associa¬ 
tions. 

The  Cities  in  the  Combined  Order  will  be 
centres  of  collective  Knowledge,  which  they 
will  draw  and  collect  in  fragments  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  again  communicate 
it  to  every  Association,  each  to  those  of  the 


|  region  over  which  it  presides,  so  that  every 
I  new  improvement,  invention  or  discovery 
/  made  of  value  to  Mankind,  may  become  at 
<  once  universally  known  and  available. 

|  - o - 

\  COMMERCIAL  CITIES  AND  COM- 
*  MERGE. 


A  Commercial  City  in  Association  will,  like 
|  the  Capitals  we  have  described,  be  composed 

>  of  a  Group  or  a  Series  of  Associations,  and 
l  when  properly  situated,  fulfil  the  function  of 

>  Capitals.  Each  Commercial  City  will  receive 

I'  the  products  of  the  different  Associations  of 
the  region  in  which  it  is  situated,  and  sell  and 
transmit  them  to  other  parts  of  the  world, 
and  in  turn  it  will  receive  the  products  of  all 
other  regions  and  districts,  and  distribute  them 
among  the  Associations,  of  which  it  is  the 
commercial  centre  and  entrepot,  as  required. 
It  will  be  their  Factor  or  Commission  Agent, 
and  it  will  open  accounts  with  each  one  upon 

I  its  books,  something  as  an  importing  or  whole¬ 
sale  house  now  does  with  country  merchants; 
it  will  credit  them  for  products  received  and 
debit  them  for  products  supplied,  making  an 
annual  settlement  of  accounts,  when  balances 
will  be  paid  in  cash.  It  will  have  its  vast 
warehouses,  each  devoted  to  a  particular  class 
<  of  products  or  goods — to  woollens,  to  cottons, 
?  silks,  sugars,  oils,  spices,  liquids,  etc.  etc. — 
')  arranged  with  the  most  perfect  system. 

All  trade  in  the  Combined  Order  will  be- 
;  come  Wholesale,  and  will  be  prosecuted  in 
j!  the  most  direct  and  economical  manner,  and 
j;  upon  Commission,  and  will  be  under  the  di- 
<  rection  of  Boards  of  Trade,  vcho  will  be  fully 
jj  informed  of  the  commercial  wants  of  the 
>  world,  and  thereby  be  enabled  to  give  such 
^  advice  to  their  respective  Associations  as  to 
jj  preserve  equilibrium,  or  proportion,  between 
]  Production  and  Consumption. 

I  Under  these  grand  unitary  arrangements, 
in  which  economy  and  practical  truth  will  be 
secured  by  the  highest  collective  wisdom, 
Commerce  will  perform  her  true  function  of 
distribution  and  exchange  of  the  products 
of  Industry,  and  the  various  evils  and  dis- 
|  orders  inseparably  connected  with  the  present 
Commercial  system,  and  which  grow  out  of 
the  uncontrolled  spirit  of  gain  and  irrespon- 
|  sible  individual  action,  such  as  overstocking 
|  markets  at  one  time  and  place,  and  scarcity 
i  of  supplies  at  another,  frauds,  adulterations, 
monopolies,  and  factitious  and  arbitrary  prices, 
j  will  all  cease  to  exist,  and  ruinous  fluctua- 
<t  tions  and  periodical  revulsions  in  trade,  be 

I  effectually  guarded  against. 

All  restrictions  and  prohibitions  which  fet¬ 
ter  and  shackle  the  exchange  of  products 
between  Nations  will  be  abolished  in  the 
Combined  Order,  and  universal  free  trade 
will  exist ! 

Connected  with  this  subject,  two  consider¬ 
ations  arise,  requiring  a  brief  explanation. 
Free  Trade,  the  beau  ideal  of  one  class  of 
political  economists  and  statesmen,  will  exist 


76 


PREJUDICES  OF  THE  WORLD  AGAINST  ASSOCIATION. 


in  the  Combined  Order,  first,  because  it  is  j 
just  and  equitable,  and  the  true  and  natural  j 
law  of  industrial  relations  and  intercourse ;  J 
and,  second,  because  the  circumstances  which 
now  prevent  its  being  carried  out  and  prac-  j 
ticed  amongst  nations  will  in  that  Order  be 
removed.  j 

Government  in  Association,  will  derive  its 
Revenue  from  direct  taxation,  now  imprac-  / 
ticable,  and  the  collection  of  it  will  be  simple 
and  easy.  Every  Association  will  pay  its 
taxes  to  the  General  Government  as  a  collec¬ 
tive  body ;  which  will  be  taken  out  of  the 
general  fund  or  product  before  a  division  of 
profits  among  the  members  is  made.  This 
will  strip  direct  taxation  of  its  onerous  and 
hateful  character,  by  releasing  the  individual 
from  the  assessment ,  and  making  it  collective  ;  \ 
and  will  render  all  the  expensive  machinery  \ 
of  collecting  the  Revenue  through  Custom-  \ 
Houses,  Tax-gatherers,  etc.,  unnecessary,  as  < 
dues  will  be  paid  directly  into  the  National  s 
Treasury,  without  the  intervention  of  collect-  \ 
ing  officers.  i 

Eut  the  great  principle  of  Free  Trade  will  \ 
be  admissible  in  practice  in  the  Combined 
Order,  for  the  two  following  reasons : — 

1st.  Every  Association  will  prosecute  ma-  \ 
nufactures  as  well  as  agriculture,  so  that  $ 
these  two  primary  branches  of  Industry  will  \ 
always  be  combined.  Thus  the  people  of  all 
countries  will  be  able  to  produce  the  great 
majority  of  the  articles  of  consumption  which  i 
they  require,  and  exchanges  will  take  place  be- 
tween  localities,  countries  and  zones  of  those 
products  only,  which  are  peculiar  to  and  are  j 
produced  in  the  greatest  perfection  in  each. 
American  talent  and  labor,  for  example,  can 
produce  cloths,  cottons,  porcelain  or  cutlery, 
as  well  as  French  or  English  talent  and  labor ;  j 
and  it  is  the  height  of  absurdity  to  transport  \ 
such  articles  to  a  distance  of  four  or  five  l 
thousand  miles,  paying  often  more  in  trans¬ 
portation  and  profits  to  commercial  agents  j 
than  the  original  cost  of  production.  j> 

2d.  Attractive  Industry  will  establish  \ 
throughout  the  world  one  uniform  price  for  < 
labor ,  and  as  a  consequence  one  uniform  price  ? 
M  the  products  of  Industry.  As  the  system  \ 
of  hired  labor  will  be  done  away  with — as  ^ 
machinery  and  the  soil  will  not  be  monopo-  $ 
lized  by  the  few,  but  will  be  open  to  all — as  < 
man  will  not  be  constrained  to  labor  from  po-  > 
verty  and  want,  and  as  the  Right  of  Labor  \ 
and  the  choice  of  occupations  will  be  secured 
to  him,  it  follows  that  all  Labor  will  be  from 
the  spontaneous  desire  of  man  to  be  active,  and 
consequently  that  there  will  be  one  universal 
standard  of  value  for  Labor,  based  upon  the  j 
unity  of  human  attractions. 

Besides,  there  will  be  no  impoverished  and 
degraded  Laboring  Classes  in  any  country, 
whose  cheap  productions,  if  introduced  freely 
into  other  countries,  where  the  same  Classes  l 
were  more  prosperous  and  in  better  condition,  \ 
would  lower  and  degrade  them  to  their  own  \ 
level,  or  break  up  the  Industry  of  those  coun-  { 
*ries;  there  will  be  no  necessity  for  prohi-  / 
Rory  and  protective  tariffs  and  other  com-  \ 


mercial  restrictions.  Excessive  production  in 
some  countries  and  the  prostration  of  Indus¬ 
try  in  others,  will  be  prevented ;  that  is  to 
say,  equilibrium  will  be  maintained  in  the 
great  work  of  Production,  by  means  of  At¬ 
tractive  Industry  and  the  equal  capacities  of 
mankind  to  produce. 

Free,  or  more  properly  named,  false  and 
anarchical  Competition,  is  the  foundation 
upon  which  Industry  and  Commerce  are  now- 
based  ;  and  the  great  error  is  to  wish  to  esta¬ 
blish  universal  Free  Trade  upon  this  false 
basis — this  antagonism,  conflict  and  disorder 
in  industrial  and  commercial  relations. 

Thus  Association  will  effect  a  great  com¬ 
mercial  reform,  solve  the  great  problems  of 
Free  Trade  and  Direct  Taxation,  and  end  the 
political  strife  and  antagonism  which  they 
generate — as  it  wull  all  other  political  discords 
— by  establishing  justice,  order  and  unity  in 
the  elementary  foundations  of  society. 

It  need  not  be  feared  that  Commerce  will 
be  diminished  in  the  Combined  Order,  by 
rendering  manufactures  universal  in  all  na¬ 
tions,  and  making  it  consist  of  exchanges  in 
the  products  of  different  localities,  climates 
and  zones.  On  the  contrary,  Commerce  will 
be  increased  immeasurably.  The  poor,  who 
now  compose  the  vast  majority  of  mankind, 
are  but  very  limited  consumers  of  foreign 
products;  consequently  foreign  commerce  is 
principally  sustained  by  the  wants  of  a  small 
minority.  In  Association,  where  all  persons 
will  possess  abundance,  there  will  not  be  that 
restricted  consumption  that  there  now  is,  and 
all  will  become  consumers  of  the  products  of  all 
the  zones.  In  a  Social  Order  which  will  en¬ 
able  every  individual  to  enjoy  the  comforts  and 
delicacies  of  the  world,  a  gigantic  develop¬ 
ment  will  be  given  to  commerce,  and  the  re¬ 
lations  between  districts,  nations  and  conti- 
nents  immensely  extended. 

- o - 

PREJUDICES  OF  THE  WORLD  AGAINST 
ASSOCIATION. 


Among  the  various  prejudices  which  exist 
against  Association,  we  wTill  quote  the  two 
following  from  Fourier. 

o 

1st.  INFERENCE  DRAWN  FROM  A  SMALL  OB¬ 
STACLE  TO  A  LARGER  ONE. 

2d.  DAZZLING  CONTRAST  BETWEEN  GOOD  AND 
EVIL. 

1st.  error.  Inference  drawn  from  a  small 
obstacle  to  a  larger  one.  Since  it  is  impossi¬ 
ble  to  associate  two,  three,  or  four  families, 
or  even  ten  to  twelve,  the  conclusion  has  been 
drawn  that  it  would  be  still  more  impossible 
to  associate  two  or  three  hundred. 

The  world,  in  this  opinion,  may  be  com¬ 
pared  to  the  timid  mariners,  -who,  before 
Christopher  Columbus,  dared  not  advance 
more  than  six  or  eight  hundred  miles  into  the 
Atlantic,  and  who  returned  dismayed,  declar¬ 
ing  that  the  ocean  was  an  endless  waste,  and 
that  it  was  madness  to  venture  upon  it.  Had 
some  bolder  navigator  extended  his  voyaere 


PROPOSALS  FOR  ORGANIZING  AN  ASSOCIATION. 


77 


twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  miles  without  find¬ 
ing  America,  it  would  have  been  declared  that 
the  hypothesis  of  a  new  Continent  was  with¬ 
out  foundation.  If  at  length  a  vessel,  with 
still  more  temerity,  had  advanced  westward 
twenty-five  or  thirty  hundred  miles,  it  would 
also  have  returned  without  success,  and  in 
that  case  the  existence  of  a  new  Continent 
would  have  been  declared  a  wild  chimera  : 
however,  to  succeed,  it  was  only  necessary  to 
persist,  push  onward,  and  proceed  a  few  hun¬ 
dred  miles  further. 

Such  was  the  method  to  be  followed  in  the 
study  of  Association.  It  required  no  other 
effort  of  genius  than  to  persevere,  go  on  and 
not  be  discouraged  by  the  failure  of  small 
trials,  but  to  continue  gradually  increasing 
them.  If  trials  with  four  families  failed,  we 
should  have  speculated  upon  eight;  failing 
with  eight,  we  should  have  speculated  upon 
sixteen ;  failing  with  sixteen,  we  should  have 
tried  thirty- two ;  then  sixty-four.  Arrived  at 
this  point,  success  would  have  followed,  pro¬ 
vided  the  law  of  the  Groups  and  Series  was 
discovered — which  discovery  is  easy,  when 
trials  are  made  with  three  hundred  and  fifty 
or  four  hundred  persons. 

2d.  error.  The  dazzling  contrast  between 
good  and  evil.  This  is  an  error  common  to 
both  the  Learned  and  the  Ignorant.  The 
Riches,  Unity,  and  other  immense  results, 
which  Association  promises,  disconcert  the 
generality  of  Mankind,  accustomed  to  the 
miseries  of  our  civilized  society.  They  de¬ 
clare  that  such  results  are  chimeras  ;  that  so 
much  happiness  is  not  made  for  man ;  that 
they  are  illusions  of  Harmony,  which  is  not 
possible.  This  contrast  of  a  happy  future 
with  the  present  miserable  state,  has  become 
a  general  obstacle  to  investigation,  and  it  is 
the  second  of  inexcusable  inadvertencies.  To 
appreciate  its  falseness,  let  us  compare  it  with 
some  other  erroneous  prepossession  of  the 
same  kind,  which  experience  has  now  dissi¬ 
pated. 

For  four  thousand  years,  the  world  did  not 
hope  to  discover  a  safe  nautical  guide,  like 
the  mariner’s  compass  ;  it  did  not  even  think 
of  searching  for  it,  and  navigators,  although 
victims  of  shipwrecks,  had  become  accustom¬ 
ed  to  consider  them  as  an  unavoidable  Evil. 
How  many  among  them  for  the  want  of  this 
guide,  the  discovery  of  which  was  so  easy, 
must  have  murmured  against  Providence ! 
Now  that  wre  possess  it,  we  see  what  dupes 
the  Mariners  of  Tyre  and  Carthage,  who  were 
deprived  of  it,  would  have  been,  had  they  re¬ 
fused  to  believe  in  the  possibility  of  such  a 
discovery — as  easy  of  being  made  then  as  in 
the  twelfth  century.  If  some  Inventor  had 
appeared  among  them  with  this  inestimable 
guide,  promising  to  direct  vessels  in  the  dark¬ 
ness  of  night  as  well  as  at  noonday,  how  great 
would  their  folly  have  been,  had  they  answer¬ 
ed,  before  any  trial  had  been  made,  that  it  was 
impossible ;  that  so  much  happiness  was  not 
made  for  Mariners. 

The  present  Age  falls  into  the  same  puerile 
error  respecting  Association,  declaring  that  it 


is  impossible ;  that  so  much  happiness  was 
not  made  for  Man.  The  scientific  World 
commits  this  mistake  whenever  speculations 
of  use  to  Mankind  are  entered  into ;  it  aban¬ 
dons  all  search  before  the  sage  word  Impossi¬ 
ble. 

The  more  an  operation,  the  means  of  real¬ 
izing  which  we  are  ignorant  of,  is  proved  use¬ 
ful,  the  more  firmly  we  should  believe  that 
the  Creator,  convinced  of  its  utility,  would 
have  reserved  measures  for  realizing  it.  This 
conviction  would  have  been  a  powerful  stim¬ 
ulus  to  investigation ;  but  such  a  conviction 
requires  an  age  impressed  with  a  true  hope 
in  the  Divinity,  and  a  profound  faith  in  the 
Universality  of  his  Providence.  And  what 
will  be  the  surprise  of  the  present  Age,  when 
it  sees,  that  Association,  which  it  declared 
impossible,  owing  to  the  magnificence  of  its 
results,  is  precisely  the  order,  for  which  God 
has  created  the  kingdoms  of  nature,  subject 
to  our  Industry,  and  for  which  above  all  he 
has  made  the  Passions,  now  so  rebellious 
against  our  civilized  system  of  industrial  in¬ 
coherence,  and  present  social  institutions. 


A  prejudice  which  has  at  times  prevented 
researches  on  Association,  is  the  following: — 
“  It  is  impossible  to  associate  two  or  three 
families  without  the  breaking  out  of  discord 
at  the  end  of  a  week,  particularly  among  the 
women ;  what  folly  then  to  attempt  to  asso¬ 
ciate  two  or  three  hundred  1” 

To  this  objection,  we  make  the  following 
general  answer.  If  great  Economies,  Unity 
of  interests,  and  Combined  effort  can  only  be 
realized  in  large  Associations,  and  not  at  all 
in  the  system  of  isolated  families,  should  it  not 
lead  us  to  infer  that  the  Creator — two  of  whose 
attributes  are  Economy  and  Unity — has  desti¬ 
ned  man  to  Association,  and  composed  his 
plan  of  Association,  for  a  large  number  of  per¬ 
sons — two  or  three  hundred  families,  and  not 
all  for  two  or  three,  which  from  smallness  of 
number  and  inefficiency  of  efforts,  would  not 
raise  the  profits  of  association  to  a  thirtieth 
part  of  what  they  would  be  in  a  union  of  from 
fifteen  to  eighteen  hundred  persons  ? 

Unless  we  believe  that  the  Creator  did  not 
wish  economy,  order  and  unity  in  the  social 
affairs  of  men,  we  must  suppose  that  He  des¬ 
tined  us  to  Association,  and  that,  if  we  know 
of  no  means  of  associating  two  or  three  fam¬ 
ilies,  it  is  an  indication  which  should  lead  us 
to  conclude,  as  economy  and  reason  would 
dictate,  that  He  composed  His  plan  of  society 
for  a  large  and  not  a  small  number.  This  ob¬ 
jection  has  not  been  made  by  timid  theorists 
and  opponents ;  they  have  suffered  themselves 
to  be  discouraged  by  an  apparent  obstacle, 
which,  if  duly  weighed,  should  have  sustained 
their  hopes. 

The  present  System  of  Society  is  based  upon 
the  smallest  Association  possible — a  single 
Couple  with  their  children  in  a  separate  house 
by  themselves,  which  is  the  source  of  waste, 
conflict  of  efforts  and  interests,  and  general 
discord.  Is  any  other  proof  necessary  to  show 
the  falseness  of  such  a  social  organization  ? 


MEMOIR  OF  CHARLES  FOURIER 


Charles  Fourier  was  born  at.  Besangon  (in  France),  5 
ou  tne  7th  of  April,  1772,  and  died  at  Paris  on  the  10th  of  < 
October,  1837.  His  father  was  a  respectable  merchant  at  \ 
Besangon.  Fourier  received  a  collegiate  education  in  > 
liis  native  city,  and  distinguished  himself  in  his  studies.  > 
In  his  youth  he  was  passionately  fond  of  geography,  and  £ 
spent  all  his  money,  it  is  stated  of  him,  in  the  purchase  [, 
of  maps  and  globes  ;  in  this  early  taste  the  universality  < 
of  his  genius  is  strongly  indicated.  He  had  also,  at  an  \ 
early  age,  a  great  love  for  music  and  flowers.  The  \ 
science  of  music  may  be  considered  an  important  part  $ 
of  his  education,  as  his  perfect  acquaintance  with  it  5 
enabled  him  to  apply  it  very  usefully  in  elaborating  his  £ 
science  of  Universal  Analogy.  < 

Fourier  was  early  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits :  < 
he  entered,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  a  commercial  estab-  > 
lishment  in  Lyons  as  clerk,  where  he  remained  some  ) 
time,  until  a  desire  to  travel,  and  an  insatiable  thirst  for  j 
knowledge,  induced  him  to  become  the  travelling  agent  ( 
for  a  large  mercantile  house,  whose  business  extended  < 
over  a  great  part  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  af-  1 
forded  him  the  opportunity  of  visiting  the  principal  ) 
countries  and  places.  It  may  be  considered  extremely 
fortunate  that  so  great  and  powerful  a  mind  was  thus  < 
early  engaged  and  schooled  in  the  practical  pursuits  of  ^ 
life,  and  directed  to  the  observation  of  the  gross  defects,  i 
abuses,  and  errors  existing  in  the  foundation  of  society,  ? 
— that  is,  in  Commerce  and  Industry.  > 

Fourier  did  not  waste  the  energies  of  his  genius  in  j 
metaphysical  subtleties,  and  abstract  and  vague  philo-  < 
sophical  controversy :  he  went  to  the  point — to  the  dis-  \ 
covery  of  the  means  of  effecting  a  practical  reform  in  j 
the  present  false  social  arrangements,  and  of  substi-  5 
tuting  in  their  place  a  true  Social  Order,  which  would  < 
secure  to  mankind  their  happiness  and  elevation. 

His  doctrine  does  not  float  in  the  regions  of  vague  and  ) 
abstract  universalities,  like  the  speculations  of  past  phi-  i 
losophers,  but  is  applicable  to  the  earth  and  to  the  inter- 
ests  of  mankind.  Although  based  upon  universal  laws,  \ 
and  explaining  them  and  the  system  of  Creation,  he  \ 
applied  it  to  this  globe,  and  deduced  from  it,  among  other  < 
great  practical  truths,  that  Association,  and  not  the  sys-  ) 
tern  of  isolated  families,  is  the  true  order  of  society  and  ? 
the  social  destiny  of  man  ;  that  Industry  can  be  rendered  ^ 
ATTRACTIVE,  and  transformed  from  a  repugnant  bur-  s 
then,  a  degrading  task,  which  it  now  is,  into  the  most  >, 
pleasing  and  noble  of  human  pursuits  ;  and  that  the  ; 
springs  of  action  in  the  human  soul — the  passions  and  £ 
instincts— now  so  deranged  and  perverted  in  their  action  i 
as  to  appear  depraved  and  vicious,  like  “tigers  let  s 
loose,”  are  capable,  if  rightly  directed  and  developed,  of  \ 
order  and  Harmony,  and  will,  in  a  true  social  order,  lead  ] 
to  as  much  good  as  they  now  lead  to  evil.  j 

The  position  of  Fourier  was  a  most  favorable  one  as  ? 
regards  the  great  work  which  he  had  to  achieve.  His  ) 
connexion  with  Commerce  gave,  in  the  first  place,  a  S 
practical  direction  to  his  studies  ;  and,  in  the  next  place,  < 
he  lived  in  the  midst,  and  was  a  witness  of  the  dreadful  < 
scenes  and  excesses  of  the  French  Revolution  ; — not  ) 
only  a  witness,  but  a  sufferer,  for  he  lost  his  fortune  at  j 
the  siege  of  Lyons  (about  a  hundred  thousand  francs,  > 
which  had  been  left  him  by  his  father,  and  which  was  in-  ? 
vested  in  colonial  produce),  and  he  came  also  near  losing  < 
his  life.  Being  obliged,  in  common  with  all  able-bodied  j 
men,  to  take  arms  in  defence  of  the  city,  he  formed,  on  > 
one  occasion,  part  of  a  corps  who  were  ordered  to  sally  > 
out  and  attack  the  besiegers,  and  was  almost  the  only  5 
man  who  ever  returned.  After  the  city  was  taken,  he  s 
was  thrown  into  prison,  but  escaped  death  by  a  series  < 
of  most  fortunate  circumstances.  I 

The  terrible  events  of  that  greatest  of  revolutionary  > 
tempests  produced  a  powerful  impression  on  his  mind  :  s 
he  saw  that  human  politics  and  legislation  were  a  chaos  < 
of  error  and  uncertainty ;  that  the  political  leaders  of  ? 
the  present  and  of  past  ages  possessed  no  exact  Social  > 
Science,  no  fixed  laws  to  guide  them  in  governing  so-  S 
ciety,  and  were  operating  ignorantly  and  blindly  in  s 
human  affairs.  He  remarked,  in  a  conversation,  to  the  < 
writer  of  this  memoir,  that  when  a  young  man,  he  had  ) 
a  strong  conviction  that  some  great  discovery  relating  ? 
to  human  Destiny  and  the  decrees  of  Providence,  re-  ? 
mained  to  be  made,  and  that  the  darkness  and  uncer-  > 
tainty  which  hung  over  the  social  and  moral  world,  and  S 
the  ends  and  aims  of  Creation,  would  be  dispelled.  He  < 
had  expressed  this  conviction  to  his  friends,  and  they  £ 
would  often  ask  him,  deridingly,  “  when  his  great  dis-  > 
covery  was  coming.”  He  stated  that  at  the  time  he  was  > 
far  from  supposing  that  he  should  ever  make  it,  and  be  S 
the  instrument  of  pointing  out  to  the  Human  Race  the  s 
means  of  bringing  their  Societies  into  harmony  with  < 
the  laws  of  universal  Order.  ? 

Three  circumstances  combined  to  lead  Fourier  to  the  ? 
great  discoveries  which  he  made.  The  first  was  the  > 
desire  of  effecting  a  commercial  reform.  Being  daily  > 
witness  of  the  frauds,  extortions,  monopolies  and  the  s 
general  falseness  of  trade,  he  early  conceived  an  ar-  < 
dent  desire  to  introduce  a  reform  into  this  branch  of  so-  ? 
cial  affairs.  He  devoted  some  years  to  this  subject,  but  ; 
discovered  at  length  that  it  could  only  be  effected  by  ‘ 


means  of  agricultural  Association— by  inducing  isolated 
families  to  form  themselves  into  associations,  and  estab¬ 
lish  a  system  of  direct  and  wholesale  trade  between 
different  Associations.  Thus  the  desire  of  effecting  a 
commercial  reform  led  him  to  speculate  upon  associa¬ 
tion,  and  the  difficulty  of  associating  persons  with  di¬ 
versities  of  tastes,  characters,  instincts  and  opinions, 
forced  him  to  the  study  of  the  grand  problem  of  the 
harmony  of  the  passions,  and  to  seek  for  the  laws  that 
govern  their  action.  The  second  circumstance  was 
the  doubt  and  distrust  (engendered  by  the  aspect  of  the 
excesses  of  the  French  Revolution)  of  the  controver¬ 
sial  and  uncertain  sciences— politics,  metaphysics,  po¬ 
litical  economy,  &c. — which  directed  that  Revolution. 
Fourier  laid  down  two  fundamental  rules  by  which  to 
be  guided  in  the  prosecution  of  his  investigations  :  first, 
methodical  Doubt  of  the  controversial  sciences,  and  sec¬ 
ond,  absolute  Avoidance  of  all  their  doctrines  and  prin¬ 
ciples.  This  course  which  he  took  in  his  studies,  threw 
him  into  a  new  field  of  investigation,  which  led  direct  to 
the  discovery  of  a  new  social  Organization.  The  third 
circumstance  was  the  possession  of  a  transcendent  ge¬ 
nius,  which  felt  deeply  the  necessity  of  a  Science  that 
would  lift  the  veil  that  covered  Human  Destiny  and 
the  ways  of  Providence,  and  enable  mankind  to  extri¬ 
cate  themselves  from  the  social  abyss  of  misery,  poverty, 
suffering  and  discord,  into  which  they  are  plunged. 

Fourier  is  to  be  ranked  among  those  great  and  original 
geniuses  who  appear  from  time  to  time  upon  the  earth, 
to  reveal  to  mankind  parts  of  the  scheme  of  universal 
Truth  and  the  decrees  of  Providence,  to  open  new  paths 
of  progress,  and  to  give  to  Humanity  an  impetus  on¬ 
wards  towards  its  destiny.  The  experience  of  past  ages 
has  proved,  that  he  who  is  thus  in  advance  of  his  age, 
and  exposes  its  errors  and  ignorance,  is  condemned  by 
popular  prejudice,  and  suffers  a  martyrdom  more  or  less 
terrible  according  to  the  spirit  of  the  age.  For  forty 
years,  Fourier  labored  with  patience  and  perseverance 
at  the  Herculean  task  of  discovering  and  developing  Ihe 
theory  and  practical  details  of  the  system  which  he  has 
given  to  the  wrorld ;  and,  for  reward,  he  met  only  during 
his  life  with  neglect,  calumny,  and  misrepresentation. 
It  is  only  those  who  can  feel  the  ardent  desire  of  a  great 
inventor  to  see  his  discoveries  applied  in  practice,  that 
can  appreciate  this  suffering  of  silent  martyrdom  of  long 
years  of  disappointed  hope  and  expectation. 

Fourier  published  four  works  during  his  life  :  the  first 
in  1808,  entitled  “  Theorie  des  Quatre  Movemens'” — Theory 
of  the  Four  Movements — in  one  volume  (see  page  3 
for  an  explanation  of  this  ;  in  1808,  Fourier  had  not  dis¬ 
covered  the  aromal  kingdom,  and  speaks,  consequently, 
of  but  four  spheres  or  movements).  The  second  work 
in  1822,  entitled,  “  Theorie  de  V  Unite  Universelle ’ — The¬ 
ory  of  Universal  Unity— In  two  large  volumes  ;  a  second 
edition  has  just  been  published  in  four  volumes  octavo. 
The  third  in  1829,  entitled  “  Le  Nouveau  Monde  Indus - 
trier’ — the  New  Industrial  World — in  one  volume.  The 
fourth  in  1835-6,  entitled  “  La  Fausse  Industrie ,  et  V An¬ 
tidote,  L’ Industrie  Naturelle ” — False  Industry,  and  its 
Antidote,  Natural  Industry — in  two  volumes.  None  of 
these  works  have  as  yet  been  translated  into  English. 

In  these  works  Fourier  gives  but  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
higher  parts  of  his  discoveries,  which  relate  to  subjects 
hitherto  unexplored  by  science,  such  as  the  Theory  of 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  the  Theory  of  Universal 
Analogy,  the  Theory  of  Cosmogony,  &c.  Fourier  has 
restricted  himself  to  a  careful  description  of  the  various 
parts  and  details  of  Association,  and  touched  slightly 
only,  by  way  of  indication  of  the  extent  of  his  discove¬ 
ries,  upon  the  higher  parts  of  his  vast  Theory.  He  has, 
however,  left  a  large  quantity  of  manuscripts,  which 
are  in  the  hands  of  his  disciples  in  Paris,  but  have  not  yet 
been  published. 

We  will  make  a  few  remarks  upon  Fourier’s  personal 
appearance,  which  may  not  be  uninteresting.  When 
we  became  acquainted  with  him  in  1832,  he  was  about 
sixty  years  old.  He  was  of  middle  stature,  being  about 
five  feet  seven  or  eight  inches  in  height ;  his  frame  was 
rather  light,  but  possessing  that  elasticity  and  energy 
which  denote  strength  of  constitution  and  great  intel- 
lectual'activity.  His  complexion  was  fair,  and  his  hair, 
when  young,  light  brown.  His  forehead  was  very  high, 
and  rather  narrow, — appearing  perhaps  more  so  from  its 
great  height ;  the  region  about  the  eyebrows,  where 
phrenologists  locate  the  perceptive  organs,  was  large 
and  full,  and  the  upper  frontal  part  of  the  forehead, 
where  the  reflective  organs,  such  as  comparison,  cau¬ 
sality,  &c.,  are  placed,  projected  strongly  and  was 
extremely  developed.  The  development  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  brain  was  very  great,  and  the  distance  from  the 
ear  to  the  top  of  the  head  was  remarkable.  The  poste¬ 
rior  part  of  the  head  was  comparatively  small,  particu¬ 
larly  the  part  where  the  organ  of  self-esteem  is  located  ; 
at  the  lower  part  and  the  base,  the  brain  however  was 
larger.  The  mass  of  the  brain,  taking  the  head  as  a 
whole,  seemed  to  be  set  forward,  throwing  a  large  pro¬ 
portion  into  the  anterior  region  of  the  head.  Such,  at 
least,  is  the  recollection  which  we  have  of  the  confor¬ 
mation  of  his  head.  His  eyebrows  were  thin ;  his  eyes 


MEMOIR  OF  CHARLES  FOURIER. 


79 


were  large,  and  of  a  mingled  blue  and  grey,  the  pupil  ? 
extremely  small,  giving  a  look  of  great  intensity  to  the  > 
face.  His  nose  was  large  arid  high,  and  rather  thin,  pro-  S 
jecting  strongly  at  the  upper  part,  and  running  straight  j 
to  the  point,  which  was  quite  sharp.  His  lips  were  £ 
extremely  thin,  closely  compressed,  and  drawn  down  at  / 
the  corners,  which  gave  a  cast  of  reserved  and  silent  ( 
melancholy  to  his  face.  His  features,  except  the  mouth,  s 
were  large  and  strongly  marked,  but  delicately  formed  ( 
and  moulded.  s 

As  we  remember  it,  the  expression  of  the  countenance  < 
of  Fourier  was  one  of  self-dependence,  of  great  inten-  <• 
sity,  of  determined  energy,  and  of  inflexible  firmness  and  > 
tenacity,  but  softened  by  thoughtfulness  and  profound  s 
contemplation.  He  was  entirely  unassuming  in  his  ? 
manners  ;  his  dress  was  plain  like  that  of  a  country  gen-  ? 
tleman,  and  he  stooped  slightly ;  his  mien  was  that  of  ? 
cold,  unapproachable  simplicity ;  he  was  thoughtful,  re-  \ 
served  and  silent,  which,  together  with  his  natural  firm-  ) 
ness  of  character,  Counterbalanced  his  unpretending  ( 
simplicity,  and  prevented  all  approach  to  familiarity,  < 
even  on  the  part  of  his  most  devoted  disciples.  Not  a  <j 
shadow  of  vanity,  pride,  or  haughtiness,  was  perceptible  / 
in  him  ;  his  own  personality  seemed  sunk  and  lost  in  the  | 
vastness  and  universality  of  the  great  truths  which  he  > 
had  discovered,  and  which  he  was  the  instrument  of  < 
making  known  to  mankind.  £ 

If  we  were  permitted  to  pass  our  judgment  upon  the  ) 
character  of  Fourier’s  genius,  we  would  say  he  possessed  £ 
three  leading  mental  qualifications  :  First,  great  powers  l 
of  perception, and  observation,  and  a  delicate  sentiment  £ 
for  all  material  harmonies,  which  generally  accompanies  ( 
the  possession  of  those  powers.  Nothing  escaped  his  $ 
observation  ;  he  was  attentive  to  the  slightest  details  ;  j 
and,  with  a  strong  memory  and  a  methodical  classifica-  l 
tion  of  facts,  he  was  master  of  everything  he  ever  saw.  ] 
If  he  entered  any  building,  he  remarked  the  peculiarities  £ 
of  distribution,  its  beauties,  defects,  wherein  it  could  be  i 
improved,  etc. ;  his  walking-stick  was  regularly  marked  / 
off  in  feet  and  inches,  and  everything  remarkable  which  £ 
met  his  eye  was  at  once  reduced  to  measurement  and  \ 
calculation.  Secondly,  he  possessed  immense  powers  i 
of  reflection  or  powers  of  comparison,  criticism  and  / 
analysis,  together  with  the  power  of  combining  and  > 


generalizing  facts  and  results.  His  capacity  for  the 
most  minute  analysis,  and  the  broadest  and  most  uni¬ 
versal  synthesis,  was  truly  amazing,  the  proofs  of  wliich 
are  met  with  in  almost  every  page  of  his  works  :  he  pos¬ 
sessed  also,  to  a  remarkable  extent,  the  faculty  of  ?'n- 
tuitive  conception  (or  which  we  will  call  such,  for  want 
of  a  better  name) ,  which  seems  to  be  a  gift  accompanying 
the  highest  order  of  Genius.  Thirdly,  he  possessed  in 
an  extraordinary  degree  the  highest  class  of  moral  sen¬ 
timents,  such  as  benevolent  sympathy,  which  extended 
to  the  whole  human  race,  and  a  love  of  justice,  which  in 
him  seemed  universal. 

Combining,  then,  strong  perceptive  faculties,  superior 
critical,  analytical  and  reflective  powers,  and  high  moral 
sentiments,  which  were  crowned  with  an  implicit  Faith 
in  the  love  and  wisdom  of  the  Ruler  of  the  universe, 
Fourier  was  admirably  fitted  for  the  performance  of  the 
great  work  which  he  seems  to  have  been  destined  to 
accomplish — the  discovery  of  the  Science  of  Attractive 
Industry  and  Social  Harmony.  His  fine  moral  sentiments 
were  violated  and  outraged  by  the  falseness,  the  injus¬ 
tice,  oppression  and  misery  which  pervaded  society  uni¬ 
versally  ,  and  whilst  they  impelled  him  to  seek  for  a 
remedy  for  these  evils  in  a  new  Social  Order,  in  which 
the  principles  of  truth  and  of  justice  and  benevolence 
could  be  realized  in  practice,  and  sustained  him  in  per¬ 
severing  patience  during  long  search  and  study,  his 
powerful  perceptive  faculties  collected  facts  and  details, 
or  the  materials  to  work  upon,  and  his  truly  gigantic 
reflective  powers  collated  and  arranged  them,  and  dis¬ 
covered  the  laws  and  principles  of  order  and  harmony 
upon  which  society  should  be  based. 

“  The  principal  features  of  Fourier’s  private  charac¬ 
ter,”  says  the  London  Phalanx,  “  were  morality,  justice 
and  the  love  of  truth.”  He  had,  in  fact,  a  universal  char¬ 
acter,  both  grave  and  dignified,  religious  and  poetic, 
friendly  and  polite,  indulgent  and  sincere,  which  never 
allowed  Truth  to  be  profaned  by  libertine  frivolity,  nor 
Faith  to  be  confounded  with  austere  duplicity.  He  was 
a  man  of  dignified  simplicity,  a  child  of  Heaven,  loving 
God  with  all  his  heart,  and  all  his  soul,  and  all  his  mind, 
and  also  loving  as  himself  his  neighbor,  the  whole 
Human  Family. 


Social,  Political  and 
Religious  Unity. 

Social  Reform  upon 
peaceful  and  con¬ 
servative  Princi¬ 
ples. 


THE  PHALANX, 

O  R 


Right  of  Labor. 

Social  Liberty  and 
Equality. 

Organization  of  In¬ 
dustry  upon  the  ba¬ 
sis  of  Association 
and  united  interests 


JOURNAL  OF  SOCIAL 


SCIENCE, 


DEVOTED  TO 


THE  CAUSE  OF  ASSOCIATION 
AND  THE  SOCIAL  ELEVATION 


AND  A  SOCIAL  REFORM, 
OF  THE  HUMAN  RACE. 


The  Phalanx  will  explain  the  system  of  Association,  or  principles  of  a  true  Social  Order,  dis¬ 
covered  by  Charles  Fourier,  and  will  enter  upon  an  Exposition  of  the  higher  and  more  scientific 
parts  of  his  discoveries,  which  as  yet  have  not  been  made  known  in  this  country. 

Political,  Philosophical  and  Religious  questions  will  be  discussed  on  the  broadest  grounds  of  uni¬ 
versality  and  impartiality,  and  with  reference  to  their  bearing  upon  the  Social  interests  and  welfare 
of  mankind. 

The  Phalanx  will  enter  into  a  frank  and  impartial  criticism  of  the  present  System  of  Society,  called 

Civilization,”  and  will  analyze  its  evils  and  expose  the  defects  of  such  of  its  institutions  as  are 
false  and  require  reform.  Searching  and  thorough  expositions  will  be  made  of  our  Repugnant  Ill- 
requited  and  Degrading  System  of  Industry,  and  our  menial  system  of  Hired  Labor,  or  Labor  for 
Wages — of  Free  Competition  or  false  rivalry  and  envious  strife  and  anarchy  in  the  field  of  Commerce  and 
Industry — of  our  complicated  and  wasteful  system  of  Commerce,  and  our  desultory  and  imperfect  system 
of  Agriculture  ; — in  short,  every  question  concerning  the  interests  and  welfare  of  society  will  be  dwelt 
upon,  for  the  purpose,  not  of  exciting  discontent  and  inflaming  the  passions  of  men,  but  of  awakening  public 
attention  to  the  causes  of  the  evils  which  exist,  aud  pointing  out  a  practical,  safe  and  effectual  REMEDY. 

The  Phalanx  will  contain  regularly  translations  from  the  works  of  Fourier,  the  whole  of  which  it  is 
designed  to  translate  in  time.  The  Phalanx  will  also  contain  extracts  from  the  Paris  and  London  Journals, 
devoted  to  the  cause  of  Association,  and  will  keep  a  general  record  of  the  progress  of  the  doctrine,  of  prac¬ 
tical  experiments,  and  of  all  movements  connected  with  Association.  It  will  in  particular  be  the  general 
medium  of  communication  between  the  Associations  now  formed  and  forming,  and  the  Public. 

The  Phalanx  will  be  published  at  $2  per  annum — $1  for  six  months.  Subscriptions  can  be  sent  free  of, 
postage  through  Postmasters.  Address  Editors  of  the  Phalanx,  or 

J.  S.  REDFIELD, 

Publisher  and  Bookseller,  comer  of  Beekman  and  Nassau  streets,  New  York.— General  Depot  for  the 

sale  of  works  on  Association  by  Fourier  and  his  disciples 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

Association . page  3 

Human  misery  and  necessity  of  a  Social  Reform  .  .  4 

Individual  property — Marriage  and  family  Ties — Religion  9 

Economies  of  Association . 10 

Non-producers  in  Society . 13 

PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


Number  of  persons  required  ....  .  . 

Contrast  between  Association  and  the  present  Social 
order — the  Domain — Location  .... 
Defects  of  the  system  of  Isolated  Households 

General  Contrast  .  . 

Description  of  the  Edifice  of  an  Association 
Defects  of  the  present  system  of  Architecture,  and  its 
spirit  ......  .. 

Chapter  to  Artists  ....  . 

Mode  of  living  and  public  tables  .... 

Imaginary  obstacles  to  Association 

Elevation  and  Refinement  of  the  Mass 

System  of  property  ....... 

Mode  of  investing  capital  in  Association  . 

Unity  of  interests  resulting  from  the  system  of  joint- 
stock  property  of  Association 


15 

16 
18 
19 
19 

22 

25 

26 
28 

29 

30 
32 


33 


Impossibility  of  any  tyranny  of  Capital  in  Association  34 

Union  of  Capital  and  Labor . 36 

Scientific  foundation  of  the  system  of  property  .  38 

Attractive  Industry . 40 

Groups  and  Series . 43 

Branches  of  Industry  to  lie  prosecuted  .  .  .  .51 
Adaptation  of  the  Groups  and  Series  to  Human  Nature  53 

Individual  accounts  .  57 

Division  of  profits . 58 

Reason  for  the  Division  of  Profits  between  Labor, 

Capital  and  Skill  . . 61 

The  Sacred  Legion  ...  ...  62 

Guaranty  of  an  ample  sufficiency  ...  64 

System  of  Education . 64 

System  of  internal  Government  ....  71 

Means  of  spreading  Association  and  rendering  it  uni¬ 
versal  . 73 

Cities  in  the  Combined  Order . 74 

Commercial  Cities  and  Commerce  .  .  .  .75 
Prejudices  of  the  world  against  Association  .  .  76 

Memoir  of  Charles  Fourier,  .  .  .  78 


■a 

a 


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a.o 


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